88 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 
work of any extent like Malpighi’s Anatome Planiarum or 
Swammerdam’s Anatomy and Metamor phosis of Insects. 
Swammerdam was the most critical observer of the three, 
if we may judge by his labors in the same field as Malpighi’s 
on the silkworm. His descriptions are models of accuracy 
and completeness, and his anatomical work shows a higher 
grade of finish and completeness than Malpighi’s. Malpighi, 
it seems to me, did more in the sum total than either of the 
others to advance the sciences of anatomy and physiology, 
and through them the interests of mankind. Leeuwenhoek 
had larger opportunity; he devoted himself to microscopic 
observations, but he wandered over the whole field. While 
his observations lose all monographic character, nevertheless 
they were important in opening new fields and advancing the 
sciences of anatomy, physiology, botany, and zodlogy. 
The combined force of their labors marks an epoch 
characterized by the acceptance of the scientific method and 
the establishment of a new grade of intellectual life. Through 
their efforts and that of their contemporaries of lesser note 
the new intellectual movement was now well under way. 
