THE BIRTH OF HISTOLOGY 177 
versary of that university. Besides receiving many honors in 
previous years, in 1906 he was awarded, in conjunction with 
the Italian histologist Golgi, one of the Nobel prizes in recog- 
nition of his notable investigations. Golgi invented the stain- 
ing methods that Ramon y Cajal has applied so extensively 
and so successfully to the histology of the nervous system. 
These men in particular may be remembered as the inves- 
tigators who expanded the work of Bichat on the tissues: 
Schwann, for disclosing the microscopic elements of animal 
tissues and founding the cell-theory; Koclliker, as the typical 
histologist after the analysis of tissues into their elementary 
parts; Virchow, as extending the cell-idea to abnormal his- 
tology; Leydig, for applying histology to the lower animals; 
and Ramon y Cajal, for investigations into the histology of 
the nervous system. 
Text-Books of Histology.—Besides the works mentioned, 
the text-books of Frey, Stricker, Ranvier, Klein, Schafer, 
and others represent a period in the general introduction of 
histology to students between 1859 and 1885. But these 
excellent text-books have been largely superseded by the 
more recent ones of Stéhr, Boem-Davidoff, Piersol, Szy- 
monowicz, and others. The number of living investigators 
in histology is enormous; and their work in the subject of 
cell-structure and in the department of embryology now 
overlaps. 
In pathological histology may be observed an illustration 
of the application of biological studies to medicine. While 
no attempt is made to give an account of these practical ap- 
plications, they are of too great importance to go unmen- 
tioned. Histological methods are in constant use in clinical 
diagnosis, as in blood counts, the study of inflammations, of 
the action of phagocytes, and of all manner of abnormal 
growths. 
In attempting to trace the beginning of a definite founda- 
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