190 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 
which Miller himself had filied in the University of Berlin, 
and during the period of his vigor was in physiology one of 
the lights of the world. It is no uncommon thing to find 
recently published physiologies dedicated either to the mem- 
ory of Johannes Miller, as in the case of that remarkable 
General Physiology by Verworn; or to Ludwig, or to Du 
Bois-Reymond, who were in part his intellectual product. 
From this disposition among physiologists to do homage to 
Miiller, we are able to estimate somewhat more closely the 
tremendous reach of his influence. 
Bernard.—When Miiller was twelve years old there was 
born in Saint-Julien, department of the Rhéne, Claude 
Bernard, who attained an eminence as a physiologist, of which 
the French nation are justly proud. Although he was little 
thought of as a student, nevertheless after he came under the 
influence of Magendie, at the age of twenty-six, he developed 
rapidly and showed his true metal. He exhibited great 
manual dexterity in performing experiments, and also a 
luminous quality of mind in interpreting his observations. 
One of his greatest achievements in physiology was the dis- 
covery of the formation within the liver of glycogen, a sub- 
stance chemically related to sugar. Later he discovered the 
system of vaso-motor nerves that control and regulate the 
caliber of the blood-vesscls. Both of these discoveries as- 
sisted materially in understanding the wonderful changes 
that are going on within the human body. But besides his 
technical researches, any special consideration of which lies 
quite beyond the purpose of this book, he published in 1878- 
1879 a work upon the phenomena of life in animals and 
vegetables, a work that had general influence in extending 
the knowledge of vital activities. J refer to his now classic 
Legons sur les Phénoménes de la vie communs aux animaux et 
aux végétaux. 
The thoughtful face of Bernard is shown in his portrait, 
ed 
