274 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 
hibits the same properties. The qualities of contractility and 
irritability were especially indicated. It was on physiological 
likeness, rather than on structural grounds, that he formed 
his sweeping conclusions. He showed also that sarcode 
agreed in physiological properties with protoplasm in plants, 
and that the two living substances were practically identical. 
His paper of 1861 considers the living substance in muscles 
(Ueber Muskelkér perchen und das was man eine Zelle zu 
nennen habe), but in this he had been partly anticipated by 
Ecker who, in 1849, compared the “formed contractile sub- 
stance” of muscles with the “unformed contractile substance” 
of the lower types of animal life (Geddes). 
The clear-cut, intellectual face of Schultze (Fig. 88) is 
that of an admirable man with a combination of the artistic 
and the scientific temperaments. He was greatly interested 
in music from his youth up, and by the side of his microscope 
was his well-beloved violin. He was some time professor in 
the University of Halle, and in 1859 went to Bonn as pro- 
fessor of anatomy and director of the Anatomical Institute. 
His service to histology has already been spoken of (Chapter 
Vill). 
This astute observer will have an enduring fame in 
biological science, not only for the part he played in the 
development of the protoplasm idea, but also on account of 
other extensive labors. In 1866 he founded the leading 
periodical in microscopic anatomy, the Archiv fiir Mikro- 
scopische Anatomie. This periodical was continued after 
the untimely death of Schultze in 1874, and to-day is one of 
the leading biological periodicals. 
It is easy, looking backward, to observe that the period 
between 1840 and 1860 was a very important one for modern 
biology. Many new ideas were coming into existence, but 
through this period we can trace distinctly, step by step, the 
gradual approach to the idea that protoplasm, the living 
