300 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 
gifts”? (Franckland). The total sum subscribed on the date 
of the opening ceremony amounted to 3,586,680 francs. 
The institute was formally opened on November 14th, 
1888, with impressive ceremonies presided over by the 
President of the Republic of France. The establishment 
of this institute was an event of great scientific importance. 
Here, within the first decade of its existence, were success- 
fully treated more than twenty thousand cases of hydrophobia. 
Here has been discovered by Roux the antitoxin for diph- 
theria, and here have been established the principles of inoc- 
ulation against the bubonic plague, against lockjaw, against 
tuberculosis and other maladies, and of the recent microbe 
inoculations of Wright of London. More than thirty 
“Pasteur institutes,” with aims similar to the parent institu- 
tion, have been established in different parts of the civilized 
world. 
Pasteur died in 1895, greatly honored by the whole world. 
On Saturday, October 5th of that year, a national funeral 
was conducted in the Church of Notre-Dame, which was 
attended by the representatives of the state and of numerous 
scientific bodies and learned societies. 
Koch.—Robert Koch (Fig. 93) was born in 1843, and 
is still living, engaged actively in work in the University of 
Berlin. His studies have been mainly those of a medical 
man, and have been crowned with remarkable success. In 
1881 he discovered the germ of tuberculosis, in 1883 the germ 
that produces Asiatic cholera, and since that time his name 
has been connected with a number of remarkable discoveries 
that are of continuous practical application in the science of 
medicine. 
Koch, with the rigorous scientific spirit for which he is 
noteworthy, established four necessary links in the chain 
of evidence to show that a particular organism is connected 
with a particular disease. These four postulates of Koch are: 
