ORGANIC EVOLUTION 365 
The second link is supplied by the famous Neanderthal 
skull found in the valley of the Neander, near Diisseldorf, 
in 1856. The discovery of this skull, with its receding fore- 
head and prominent ridges above the orbits of the eyes, and 
its small cranial capacity, created a sensation, for it was soon 
seen that it was intermediate between the skulls of the lowest 
human races and those of the anthropoid apes. Virchow 
declared that if the skuli was pre-human its structural char- 
acteristics were abnormal. This conclusion, however, was 
rendered untenable by the discovery in 1886 of similar skulls 
and the skeletons of two persons, in a cave near Spy in Bel- 
Fic. 111.—Profile Reconstructions of the Skulls of Living and 
Fossil Men: 1. Brachycephalic European; 2. The more ancient 
of the Nebraska skulls; 3. The Neanderthal man; 4. One of the 
Spy skulls; 5. Skull of the Java man. (Altered from Schwalbe 
and Osborn.) 
La 
gium. The “Spy man” and the “ Neanderthal man” belong 
to the same type and are estimated to have been living in the 
middle of the paleolithic age. 
The third link is in the early Neolithic man of Engis. 
And now to this interesting series of gradations has been 
