RECENT TENDENCIES IN BIOLOGY 437 
Darwin’s Origin of Species, 1859, is, from our present 
outlook, the greatest classic in biology. 
Pasteur’s Studies on Fermentation, 1876, is typical of the 
quality of his work, though his later investigations on in- 
oculations for the prevention of hydrophobia and other 
maladies are of greater importance to mankind. 
It is somewhat puzzling to select a man to represent the 
study of fossil life, one is tempted to name E. D. Cope, 
whose researches were conceived on the highest plane. 
Zittel, however, covered the entire field of fossil life, and his 
Handbook of Paleontology is designated as a mile-post in the 
development of that science. 
Before the Renaissance the works of Aristotle and Galen 
should be included. 
From the view-point suggested, the more notable figures in 
the development of biology are: Aristotle, Galen, Vesalius, 
Harvey, Malpighi, Linnzus, Wolff, Cuvier, Bichat, Lamarck, 
Von Baer, J. Miiller, Schwann, Schultze, Darwin, Pasteur, 
and Cope. 
Such a list is, as a matter of course, arbitrary, and can 
serve no useful purpose except that of bringing into com- 
bination in a single group the names of the most illustrious 
founders of biological science. The individuals mentioned 
are not all of the same relative rank, and the list should be 
extended rather than contracted. Schwann, when the entire 
output of the two is considered, would rank lower as a scien- 
tific man than Koelliker, who is not mentioned, but the 
former must stand in the list on account of his connection 
with the cell-theory. Virchow, the presumptive founder of 
pathology, is omitted, as are also investigators like Koch, 
whose line of activity has been chiefly medical. 
Recent Tendencies in Biology. Higher Standards.—In 
attempting to indicate some of the more evident influences 
that dominate biological investigation at the present time, 
