110 THE FRUIT. 



537. Anatropous when completely inverted. In tliis state a por- 

 tion of the funiculus adheres to the testa, forming a ridge called raphe, 

 reaching from the chalaza to the hilvm. 



538. It is oampvlotropous when curved upon itself. In this state 

 the micropyle is brought near to the chalaza, and both are ne.xt the 

 placenta, as in the pinks and Crucifera;. 



539. Amphitkopous when half inverted, so that its axis beconM-a 

 parallel with the placenta, as in mallow. Here the raphe exists, but 

 is short. In campylotropous there is no raphe. 



The ovule contains no young plant (embryo) yet; but a cavity, the 

 embryo sac, is alrcadj' provided to receive it just within the upper end 

 of the nucleus. 



540. The relations of the otuij! to the pollen geain will be more suit- 

 ably discussed hereafter under the head of fertilization. "Wo briefly remarlc here 

 that the immediato contact of the two is brought about at tho time of flowering by 

 special arrangements ; and that, as the undoubted result of their combined action, 

 tho embryo soon after originates in the embryo sac. 



CHAPTER XIII, 



THE TRUIT. 



541. Its origin. After having imbibed the pollen which the an- 

 thers have dischargedj the pistil or its ovary continues its growth and 

 enlargement, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar fruit 

 of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, the ovary 

 brought to perfection. 



542. State of the other parts in petjit. The other organs of tho flower, 

 having accomplished their work, the fertilization of tho ovary, soon wither and fall 

 away. Some of thera, however, often persist, to protect or become blended wilh 

 the ripening fruit. Thus the tube of the superior calyx (§ 446) always blends with 

 the ovary in frait, as in currant, cucumber, apple, etc. In Compositse the persistent 

 limb enlarges into the pappus of the fruit. In buttercups the fruit is beaked with 

 the short, persistent style. In Clematis, Geum, it is caudate (tailed) with the long, 

 growing style. In the Potato tribe, Labiata;, and many others, tho inferior caiijx 

 continues to vegetate like leaves until the fruit ripens. 



543. Consolidated fruit. In some oases the fruit, so-called, consists of the re- 

 ceptacle and ovaries blended, as in blackberry, strawberry. Again, in mulberry, 

 fig, pine-apple, the whole inflorescence is consolidated into the matured frait. 



544. A RULE AND exception. As a rule, the structure of the fruit 

 agrees essentially with that of the ovary. In many cases, liowever, the 

 fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from tho ovary 

 as to disguise its real structure. An early examination, therefore, is 

 always more reliable in its results than a late one. 



