SECTION 18.] SYSTEM. 183 



plants are of higher grade than cryptogamous, and angiospermous or or- 

 dinary phanerogamous higher than the gymnospermous, yet there is no 

 culmination in the vegetable kingdom, nor any highest or lowest order of 

 phanerogamous plants. 



554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi- 

 fication of the orders is essentially the following : — 



Series I. PHANEROGAMIA : Phanekogamous ouPLOWEBiNe Plants. 



Class I. DICOTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERMB^, called for shortness 



in English, DicoiyLEDONS or Dicotyls. Ovules in a closed ovary. 



Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 



leticulate-veined. 



Artificial Division I. Poltpetal^, with petals mostly present and 



distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Ranunculaeeee to Cornaceix. 

 Artificial- Division II. Gamopetal^, with gamopetalous corolla. 



Orders about 45, Caprifoliaceis to Plantaginaeea. 

 Artificial Division III. ApetaLjB or Incomplete, wilh perianth, 

 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 iu number, from 

 Nyctaginaceis to SalieacetB. 

 Class II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERME^, in EngHsh Gym- 

 HOSPBaMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 

 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. 

 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Consists of order Gnetacea, which strictly connects with Angiospermous 

 Dicotyls, of Coniferte, and of Cycadacete. 

 Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONBS, in English Monocotyledons or 

 MoNOCOTYls. Angiospermous. Embryo monocotyledonous. Stem with 

 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veiued. 

 Division I. PETALOiDEJi. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 

 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series coroUiue. About 

 18 orders. 

 Division II. Calycin.®. Perianth complete (in two series) but not 

 corolline, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders, 

 JuneacetB, the true Rushes, and Palmm, Palms. 

 Division III. Spamcifloe^ or NuDiELORa;. Perianth none, or rudi- 

 mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders, 

 Typhacea and Aroidete the principal. 

 Division IV. Glumace*. Perianth none, or very mdimentaiy : 

 glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperacex and 



Seeibs II. CRYPTOGAMIA -. Ckyptogamous ok Elowerless Plants 



Class I. PTERIDOPHYTA, Pteeidophytes (484). 



Class II. BRYOPHYTA, Beyophytes (498). 



Class III. THALLOPHYTA, Thallophytes (503). 



