174 MADDER FAMILT. 



4 MITCHELL A. Flowers in pairs at the end of branches, the two ovaries united 

 into one, which in fruit forms a 2-eyed scarlet berry. Corolla densely white- 

 bearded inside, white or purplish-tinged outside. Style 1 : stigmas 4, slender. 

 Seeds, or rather little stones, i to each of the two flowers. Stipules small, 

 not fringed. 

 « * Shrubs or smaU trees : lobes of Die corolla overlapping in the bud. 



6 CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers many and small, crowded in a close round head 

 raised on a peduncle. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla tubular with 4 very short 

 lobes. Stameus 4. Style long and much protruded, tipped with a capitate 

 stigma. Fruit small, dry and hard, inversely pyramidal, at length splitting 

 into 2 or 4 closed one-seeded portions. 



% COFFEA. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 4-6- 

 toothed. Corolla with a short tube and 4 or 5 spreading lobes of about the 

 same length. Stamens 4 or 5, with linear-oblong anthers. Style bearing 

 2 slender stigmas. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a small berry, containitfg 2 hard 

 plano-convex seeds with a groove down the face (coffee), enclosed in a loose 

 parchinent-like hull. 



Ij 2. Several or many ovules and seeds in each cell of the ovary andfrvit. 

 » Shrubs or low trees, all except the first exotic house-plants. 



1. PINCKNEYA. Flowers in a terminal compound cyme. Calyx with 6 lobes, 

 4 of them small and lanceolate, the fifth often transformed into a large bright 

 rose-colored leaf! Corolla hairy, with a slender tube and 6 oblong-linear 

 recurving lobes. Stamens 5, protruding. Fruit a globular 2-oeUed pod, filled 



8. GARDENIA. Flowers solitary at the end of the branches or nearly so, large, 



very fragrant. Calyx with 5 or more somewhat leaf-like lobes. Corolla 

 funnel-shaped or salver-shaped, with 5 or more spreading lobes convolute in 

 the bud, and as many linear anthers sessile in its throat. Style 1 : stigma 

 of a thick lobes. Fruit fleshy, surmounted by the calyx-lobes, ribbed down 

 the sides, manv-seeded. 



9. BOUVARDIA. "Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches. Calyx with 



4 slender lobes. Corolla with a long and slender or somewhat trumpet-shaped 

 tube, and 4 short spreading lobes, valvate in the bud. Anthers 4, almost 

 sessile in the throat. Style 1: stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod small, globular, 

 2-ceiled. Seeds wing-margined. 



« * Low, native herbs. 



10. HOUSTONIA. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the 4 lobes valvate in the 

 bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 2. Pod short, 2-celled, the upper part 

 rising more or less free from the 4-lobed calyx, opening across the top, and 

 ripening rather few saucer-shaped or thimbel-shaped pitted seeds in each cell. 

 Stipules short and entire, sometimes a mere margin connecting the bases of 

 the opposite leaves. 



1. RtlBIA, MADI>ER. (Name from Latin ruber, red, alludes to the red 

 roots, which furnish the well-known red dye. ) 



E.. tinctdria, Common or Dyers' M. Cult, from Eu. for the red roots, 

 branching from the ground, 1° - 2° high, with angles of the stems and edges oi 

 the lance-oblong or oblanceolate leaves (mostly in sixes) very rough ; flowert, 

 greenish, in summer ; berry black. 11 



2. GALIUM, BEDSTRAW or CLEAVERS. (Name from Greek for 

 milk, which some species in Europe were used to curdle.) El. summer. 

 The following all wild species. Several have a red root like that of 

 Madder. 



§ 1. F^it a black berry, like that of Madder: but the parts of the white flower 

 are only 4. Only in Southern States, in dry sandy soil. 1J. 



Ot. hispidulum. Spreading stems l°-2° long; leaves in fours, ^' or 

 less in length, lance-ovate ; peduncle 1 - 3-flowered ; berry roughish. 



Q. unifldrum. Smooth, slender, 1° high ; leaves linear ; flowers mostly 

 solitary. , 



