106 THE DEER OF AMERICA. 
does not say so directly. While he treats these two species in 
separate articles, yet he introduces both under the specific name 
of the Lapland reindeer, Cervus tarandus, the smaller variety he 
designates arctica, and the larger, sylvestris, so that he is far 
from asserting a specific difference. Audubon and Bachman, 
with very limited opportunities for judging, incline to the opin- 
ion of specific identity, and Baird leaves the question undecided. 
After much study and reflection I am of opinion that they are 
distinct species. 
The range of this deer extends from the Atlantic Ocean on the 
east, to Mackenzie’s River or the Rocky Mountains on the west. 
Beyond this it is replaced by the woodland caribou. On the ° 
north it extends its range beyond the continent and visits the 
islands of the Arctic Ocean. Richardson fixes their southern 
limits on the east, at Churchill in north latitude 59° on Hudson’s 
Bay, but Mr. McTavish, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, informs 
me that they are found still further south on the peninsula of Lab- 
rador. Westward of this point they do not come so far south; so 
that the line of their southern limits from the Atlantic pursues a 
course north of west. This may be accounted for by the fact, 
that the temperature is much colder on the eastern coast than in 
the same latitudes in the interior and on the western coast. 
Captain Hall found them north and east of Hudson’s Bay, and 
nearly all arctic explorers have found them on the islands of the 
Arctic Sea, where they serve to supplement the supply of sea 
food to the Esquimaux. They are very abundant on the penin- 
sula east of Hudson’s Bay, where from necessity their migratory 
range is very circumscribed. Its habits are more arctic than 
any other ruminant of this continent except the musk-ox, which 
affects the same frigid temperature, but is even less widely dis- 
tributed and far less numerous. 
The- statement of Dr. King, as quoted by Baird, for the pur- 
pose of showing a specific difference between the barren-ground 
and the woodland caribou is this: “that the barren-ground species 
is peculiar not only in the form of its liver but in not possessing 
a receptacle for bile.” This implies certainly that Dr. King had 
found on examination that the woodland caribou has the gall 
bladder attached to the liver. This certainly is not so, for the 
gall bladder is wanting in the woodland caribou as well as in all 
of the other members of the deer family, a fact long since ob- 
served and attested by several naturalists and often confirmed 
by critical examination. Notwithstanding there are many strong 
