COAT AND COLOR. 129 
form. The length of the root is nearly twenty times its largest 
diameter. 
On both the male moose and the elk a heavy mane is found 
under the neck. The hairs of this on our elk are eight inches 
long, but I have not found them so long on the moose, though 
others have. On the sides of the neck they are not so long, still 
they are very much longer than on any other part of the animal. 
The mule deer also has a distinct mane, but not so long as above, 
and it is on the top of the neck, and even extends along the back 
sometimes to the hips. This mane falls apart so as to hang over 
on either side along the top of the neck, and this parting of the 
hairs continues down the back for a considerable distance, and 
on one specimen I observed it reached the hips. 
On some aged specimens in my grounds I have found this mane 
less conspicuous, and the parting on the top of the neck less or 
scarcely observable; but the darker line along the top of the 
neck and back I have found on all the individuals examined, 
whether in my grounds or in the Chicago market, where I have 
seen hundreds, or in the woods, though this mark is less pro- 
nounced on some than on others. On the rump, just above the 
white tail, where this dark stripe terminates, the black is deeper 
than it is further forward, especially on those where the dark 
line is the faintest. 
The hairs on all the species continue to increase in length and 
diameter till January or even February, by which time, on the 
bodies of the ellk and the mule deer, they have attained a length 
of two inches or more. On the foreheads they are an inch or 
more in length, which on the elk lie in wavy tufts, but on the 
mule deer they stand up loosely, and are fine and soft. On all 
the species the hairs on the face below the eyes are short and 
stout, and have a backward or lateral set, which must tend to 
admit the rains when the animals are feeding, but allows them to 
remain undisturbed by contact with the brush, or tall grass, or 
weeds, when running through them, and with the wind when 
facing it. 
On the legs, also, the hairs are short, but are the longest on 
the mule deer. On different parts of the legs, the hairs point in 
various directions. Along the middle of the leg their direction 
is rather lateral and upwards, and near the foot downward. 
Those which cover the glands are described elsewhere. 
On the Virginia deer, the Columbia, and the Acapulco deer, 
Ido not find any appearance of a mane, either at the top or 
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