THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 87 
prehistoric man represents waves of migration from the greater 
continent. 
Nevertheless the European record has enabled us to name and 
define a number of distinct human species, and here the record of the 
cultural evolution of man is also unusually complete. Hence Euro- 
pean chronology is taken as a standard in describing discoveries from 
any portion of the world. 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 
(Adapted from Osborn, 1915) 
POSTGUACTAL: TIME i ct sccsennacsadl ag Sgregnth once His cee 25,000 years 
Upper Palaeolithic culture 
Cré-Magnon man 
Fourtu GLAcIAL STAGE (Wiirm, Wisconsin)........ 50,000 years 
Close of Lower Palaeolithic culture 
Neanderthal man \ 
THIRD INTERGLACIAL STAGE........--.-0- 000000 eee 150,000 years 
Beginning of Lower Palaeolithic culture 
Piltdown and pre-Neanderthaloid men 
Tuirp GraciAL STAGE (Riss, Jllinoian)............. 175,000 years 
SECOND INTERGLACIAL STAGE... ......0000 0 seen eee 375,000 years 
Heidelberg man 
SeconD GLACIAL STAGE (Mindel, Kansas).......... 400,000 years 
First INTERGLACIAL STAGE..... ie ceases ate ovate Ghee te 475,000 years 
Pithecanthropus, ape-man 
First Gracia StaGE (Giinz, Nebraskan).......... 500,000 years 
Pithecanthropus.—The Java ape-man, Pithecanthropus erectus 
(Figs. 6 and 7, A), was discovered in Trinil, on the Solo or Bengawan 
River in central Java, in 
1894. The type consists of 
a calvarium or skull cap, a 
left thigh bone, and two 
upper molar teeth. The 
skull is characterized by its 
limited capacity, about two- 
thirds that of man; and by 
the low flat- forehead and 
beetling brows. Hence not 
only was the brain limited 
in its total size, but this Fic. 6.—Skull of Java ape-man, Pithecan- 
was especially true of the thropus erectus. (From Lull, after Dubois.) 
frontal lobes, which, as we have seen, are the seat of the higher intel- 
lectual faculties. Thus, as Osborn says, although touch, taste, and 
