THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 89 
Heidelberg man.— Homo heidelbergensis, the Heidelberg man, 
represents the oldest recorded European race, geologically speaking. 
The type was discovered in 1907 in river sands, 79 feet below the 
surface, at Mauer, near Heidelberg, South Germany. The relic 
consists of a perfect lower jaw with the dentition (Fig. 7, C). The 
description by the discoverer, Doctor Schoetensack, follows (from 
Osborn): 
“The mandible shows a combination of features never before 
found in any fossil or recent man. The protrusion of the lower jaw 
just below the front teeth (the chin prominence) which gives shape to 
the human chin is entirely lacking. Had the teeth been absent it 
would have been impossible to diagnose itashuman. Froma fragment 
of the symphysis of the jaw it might well have been classed as some 
gorilla-like anthropoid, whilé the ascending ramus resembles that of 
some large variety of gibbon. The absolute certainty that these 
remains are human is based on the form of the teeth—molars, pre- 
molars, canines, and incisors are all essentially human and although 
somewhat primitive in form, show no trace of being intermediate 
between man and the anthropoid apes but rather of being derived from 
some older common ancestor. The teeth, however, are small for the 
jaw; the size of the border would allow for the development of much 
larger teeth. We can only conclude that no great strain was put on 
the teeth, and therefore the powerful development of the bones 
of the jaw was not designed for their benefit. The conclusion is that 
the jaw, regarded as unquestionably human from the nature of the 
teeth, ranks not far from the point of separation between man and the 
anthropoid apes. In comparison with the jaws of the Neanderthal 
races .... we may consider the Heidelberg jaw as pre-Neander- 
thaloid; it is, in fact, a generalized type.” 
Associated with the Heidelberg jaw is an extensive warm-climate 
fauna: straight-tusked elephant (EZ. antiquus), Etruscan rhinoceros, 
primitive horse, bison, wild cattle (urus), bear, lion, and so on, all of 
which aid in establishing the date of the jaw as Second Interglacial 
and its age, conservatively estimated, at from 300,000 to 375,000 years. 
The cultural evolution of Heidelberg man is indicated by the presence 
of eoliths, flint implements of the crudest workmanship, if indeed their 
apparent fashioning is not merely the result of use. 
Neanderthal man.—The original specimen of the Neanderthal 
man, Homo neanderthalensis or primigenius (Figs. 8, 9, 10) was dis- 
covered in 1856 not far from Diisseldorf in Rhenish Prussia. Here 
the valley of the Diissel forms the deep Neanderthal ravine, whose 
