THE EVOLUTION OF MAN gi 
though of course the subject of a most heated controversy, being con- 
sidered as non-human, or, as Virchow believed, owing its distinctive 
characters to disease. The sagacity of Huxley threw true light upon 
the problem, though it was not until the mute testimony of other 
representatives of the race (the men of Spy) was offered that even 
Huxley’s masterful conception of the Neanderthal characters was 
taken as an accepted fact. 
Professor Huxley’s descrip- 
tion of the Neanderthal 
type is classic. He says: 
“The anatomical char- 
acters of the skeletons bear 
out conclusions which are 
not flattering to the appear- 
ance of the owners. They 
were short of stature but 
powerfully built, with 
strong, curiously curved 
thigh bones, the lower ends 
of which are so fashioned Fic. 9.—Neanderthaloid skull of L 
that they must have walked ie ie da neanderthalensis 
with a bend at the knees. 
Their long depressed skulls had very strong brow-ridges; their lower 
jaws, of brutal depth and solidity, sloped away from the teeth down- 
wards and backwards in consequence of the absence of that especially 
characteristic feature of the higher type of man, the chin prominence.” 
Subsequently several more specimens have come to light, at Spy 
in Belgium, at Krapina in Croatia, at Le Moustier, La Chapelle-aux- 
Saints and La Ferrassie in France, and at Gibraltar, which, while 
differing in various details, effectually serve to establish the race, whose 
main characteristics are: Heavy, overhanging brows, retreating fore- 
head, long upper lip; jaw less powerful than that of the Heidelberg 
man but very thick and massive; chin generally strongly receding but 
in process of forming; dentition extraordinarily massive in the La 
Chapelle specimen, whereas in those of Spy the teeth are small. The 
skull in many characteristics is nearer to the anthropoids than to 
modern man. 
The brain is large and its volume is surely human, but the pro- 
portions are again less like those of recent man than like the anthro- 
poids. The chest is large and robust, the shoulders broad, and 
