126 READINGS IN EVOLUTION, GENETICS, AND EUGENICS 
obtained with the bloods of Simiidae (i-e., Man-like Apes) closely 
resemble those obtained with human blood, the bloods of Cercopithe- 
cidae (Old World Monkeys) came next, followed by those of Cebidae 
and Hapalidae (New World Monkeys and Marmosets) which gave 
but slight reactions with anti-human serum, whilst the blood of 
Lemuroidea gave no indication of blood-relationship.” ‘‘A perusal 
of the pages relating to the tests made upon the many bloods I have 
examined by means of precipitating anti-sera, will very clearly show 
that this method of investigation permits of our drawing certain 
definite conclusions. Itisaremarkablefact . . . . that a common 
property has persisted in the bloods of certain groups of animals 
throughout the ages which have elapsed during their evolution from 
a common ancestor, and this in spite of differences of food and habits 
of life. The persistence of the chemical blood-relationship between 
the various groups of animals serves to carry us back into geological 
times, and I believe we have but begun the work along these lines, 
and that it will lead to valuable results in the study of various problems 
of evolution.” 
The general conclusions on interrelationships, so far as they are of 
particular interest for our purpose, reached by Nuttall and Graham- 
Smith as the result of many thousands of blood tests, may be summa- 
rized as follows: 
1. If sufficiently strong solutions be used and time enough be 
allowed, a relationship between the bloods of all mammals is made 
evident. 
2. The degrees of relationship between man, apes and monkeys 
have already been noted. 
3. Anti-carnivore sera show ‘“‘a preponderance of large reactions 
amongst the bloods of Carnivora, as distinguished from other Mam- 
malia; the maximum reactions usually take place amongst the more 
closely related forms in the sense of descriptive zodlogy.”’ 
4. Anti-pig serum gives maximum reactions only with the bloods 
of other species of the same family, moderate reactions those of rumi- 
nants and camels, and moderate or slight reactions with those of 
whales. Anti-llama serum gives a moderate reaction with the blood of 
the camel, and the close relationship between the deer family and the 
great host of antelopes, sheep, goats and oxen is clearly demonstrated. 
5. Anti-whale serum gives maximum reactions only with the 
bloods of other whales and slight reactions with those of pigs and 
ruminants. 
