THE BACKGROUND OF DARWINISM—ADAPTATIONS. IgI 
and others whose teeth are replaced by bony or chitinous plates that 
are used for crushing the hard shells of molluscs and crustaceans, may 
not confidently be said to have developed these crushing appliances 
and to have abandoned the use of teeth in adaptation to a habit of 
feeding upon hard-shelled prey; but rather it seems more likely that the 
loss of teeth and the development of crushers occurred through a 
degenerative process incident to racial senescence and that the pos- 
session of the crushing equipment enabled them to avail themselves of 
a new type of food, formerly unavailable to them. 
The organic environment.—In his admirable chapter entitled 
“The Web of Life,” which we shall quote entire, Professor Thomson 
has given us a vivid picture of vast systems of interdependencies that 
exist throughout the organic world. No species, no creature, lives to 
itself alone; it is intimately tied up with a host of other creatures with 
interwoven destinies. Thus one species of animal is adapted to live 
upon certain plants or other animals, which in turn may be dependent 
upon still other animals or plants. The elimination of one species may 
cause the elimination or the radical change of a dependent species. 
We cannot afford ever to forget this great truth of the oneness of 
nature. It is the keynote of life and of evolution. 
Adaptation due partly to functional activity—It is a commonplace 
which needs no special demonstration to say that organs improve 
through use and deteriorate through disuse. Many organs, then, 
which in the adult condition appear to us to be so admirably 
adapted to perform certain duties, must be thought of as having been 
gradually molded by functioning during the entire period of individual 
development. If the motor nerve running to a limb bud of a growing 
embryo be severed at an early stage and no secondary nerve connection 
be established, the limb will continue to grow up to a certain point, but, 
in its paralyzed condition, will be incapable of exercising its functions 
and will cease to develop. A certain amount of development will 
therefore be seen to be independent of functioning, but full develop- 
ment of functional efficiency is obtained only through functioning. 
“The relation between structure and function in an organism,” 
says Professor Child,' “‘is similar in character to the relation between 
the river as an energetic process and its banks and channel. From the 
moment that the river began to produce structural configurations 
in its environment, the products of its activity accumulated in certain’ 
tC. M. Child, “Regulatory Processes in Organisms,” Jour. Morph., Vol. 
XXII (x911). 
