INHERITANCE OF HUMAN CHARACTERS 463 
122 such matings producing 371 children, 193 were found to be feeble- 
minded, 178 normal, which is remarkably close to expectation con- 
sidering the difficulty of determining with certainty the real character 
of the parents. When two individuals of the NF type mate, their 
offspring would be expected to give 3 normals to 1 feeble-minded. 
Out of 146 children produced by 33 such matings Goddard found 39 
were feeble-minded. 
The first of Goddard’s charts (Fig. 98) illustrates the family tree 
of Gertie K., a girl of 12 years, with the mental development of a child 
of 7. Males in this and the following chart are represented by squares, 
females by circles. Note that this girl has a feeble-minded brother 
and that both her parents are feeble-minded and see the appalling 
array of feeble-minded cousins, aunts, uncles, and other relatives. 
Her grandmother passed for a normal individual, although it would 
seem from her children she must have been an NF individual. The 
cr 
a zal wea 2 
rs ee miseries 
Fic. 98.—Family of Gertie K. (From Downing, after Goddard.) 
second chart (Fig. 99) is quite exactly Mendelian, if we suppose the 
grandparents were NF individuals. This case is particularly interest- 
ing, for the parents of these six feeble-minded children were high-grade 
morons, both immigrants. The public must support the children 
because we have as yet instituted no expert examinations to detect 
such defectives among our immigrants in order to refuse them admis- 
sion to this country. 
See what a single unfortunate alliance can produce. A young 
man to whom Goddard gives the fictitious-‘name of Martin Kallikak 
had children by a feeble-minded girl in the days before the Civil War. 
There have been traced some 480 descendants from this mating, and 
all of them are below normal intelligence. Later this same man 
married a good Quaker girl, and 496 of the descendants of this marriage 
have been traced, all of normal mentality. The contrast is strikingly 
instructive, for the conditions are almost those demanded by a scien- 
tific demonstration. 
