CHAPTER XXXV 
HUMAN CONSERVATION: 
HERBERT E. WALTER 
I. HOW MANKIND MAY BE IMPROVED 
There are two fundamental ways to bring about human better- 
ment, namely, by improving the individual and by improving the race. 
The first method consists in making the best of whatever heritage 
has been received by placing the individual in the most favorable 
environment and developing his capacities to the utmost through 
education. The second method consists in seeking a better heritage 
with which to begin the life of the individual. The first method is 
immediate and urgent for the present generation. The second method 
is concerned with ideals for the future, and consequently does not 
usually present so strong an appeal to the individual. 
The first is the method of euthenics, or the science of learning to 
live well. The second is eugenics, which Galton defines as “ the science 
of being well born.” ‘ 
These two aspects of human betterment, however, are inseparable. 
Any hereditary characteristic must be regarded, not as an independent 
entity, but as a reaction between the germplasm and its environment. 
The biologist who disregards the fields of educational endeavor and 
environmental influence, is equally at fault with the sociologist who 
fails sufficiently to realize the fundamental importance of the germ- 
plasm. 
Without euthenic opportunity the best of heritages would never 
fully come to its own. Without the eugenic foundation the best 
opportunity fails of accomplishment. The euthenic point of view, 
however, must not distract the attention now, for the present chapter 
is particularly concerned with the program of eugenics. 
2. MORE FACTS NEEDED 
Since the point of attack in human heredity must be largely 
statistical, it is of the first importance to collect more facts. Our 
actual knowledge is confused with a mass of tradition and opinion, 
* From H. E. Walter, Genetics (copyright 1913). Used by special permission 
of the publishers, The Macmillan Company. 
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