PREFACE 
THE several editions of Plant Studies, designed for use 
in secondary schools, were combined abridgments of Plant 
Relations and Plant Structures. Although this arrangement 
involved a certain amount of repetition and lack of conti- 
nuity, it was felt that these faults would be corrected by 
the competent teacher, whose chief desire would be to 
secure points of view in reference to botanical material. 
During the.five years that have elapsed since the publi- 
cation of the first edition of Plant Studies, the opinions of 
many experienced teachers have been obtained. These 
opinions have been based upon repeated use of the book, 
and have been of the greatest possible service in develop- 
ing definite ideas as to the adjustment of the subject to the 
needs of the schools. The natural outgrowth of this co- 
Operation between author and teachers has been the prep- 
aration of the present Text-Book of Botany, which seeks to 
express their combined judgment. There has been substan- 
tial agreement as to the nature of the material and the 
points of view, the only differences of opinion being such 
minor.ones of presentation as must always be found among 
equally competent teachers. 
There has been no attempt to treat the various divisions 
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