380 COMPOSITAE CYNAROIDEAE 



Involucre much imbricated: receptacle mostly flat or convexed, 

 often fimbrillate or densely setose. Anthers with tails at base 

 and commonly ivith elongated and connate cartilaginous apical 

 appendages, their tips distinct. Style-branches destitute of ap- 

 pendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly so, more commonly 

 united up to the simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or hispid,, but 

 sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent ring or node below. 

 Achenes thickish and hard.. Pappus setose or rarely paleaceous. 

 Leaves alternate the teeth or margins often prickly. 



SuBTRiBE I CARDUiNEAE. Achenes attached by their very base. 

 Flowers all perfect, (except one thistle). 

 * Filaments distinct. 

 """ Leaves never prickly : style slender, its branches partly distinct : 

 filaments glabrous. 



87 Saussurea Involucre obovoid to oblong; its bracts appfessed and 



vifithout spinose or hooked tips pappus double, the inner series 

 united at base and falling together, the outer distinct and falling 

 separately. 



88 Arctium Involucre globular; its bracts spreading above the ap- 



pressed base and hooked at tip. 

 ■"" ■*" Leaves more or less prickly : style-branches united to or near 

 the tip : pappus simple, its bristles united at base and falling together ; 

 filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent : involucre globose or obovoid, 

 of numerous usually prickly-tipped much imbricated bracts. 



89 Carduus Bristles of the pappus long and soft-plumose: receptacle 



densely villous-setose. 



* * Filaments united below, glabrous. 



90 Silybum Involucre depressed-globose, its bracts prickly along the 



margins and tapering into a widely spreading spine : bristles of the 

 pappus in more than one series. 



SuBTRiBE II CENTAURINEAE. Achencs obliquely attached by 

 one side of the base or more laterally. Involucre globose or ovoid, 

 its bracts appressed and variously appendaged. 



91 Centaurea Achenes more or less compressed or quadrangular: pap- 



pus of indefinite bristles or narrow palese. 



92 Cnicus Achenes terete : pappus double, each of 10 aristiform bris- 



tles. 



Subtribe i, Carduineae Less. DC. Prodr. vi, 617. Heads discoid, 

 homogamous, many-f lowered ; the flowers all similar, perfect or 

 dioecious. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, 

 often spinose at the apex. Corollas usually curved outward, the 

 exterior often deeper cleft than the others. Anthers slightly or 

 not at all caudate. Achenes attached by their very base, gla- 

 brous, with a terminal areola. 



87 SAUSSUREA DC. Ann. Mus. Par. xvi, 107, 1, 10-13. 

 Tall herbs with alternate not prickly leaves and middlesized 

 . heads of purple . or dark violet flowers. Heads many-flowered, 

 the flowers all tubular, similar and perfect. Bracts of the invo- 



