664 MELANTHACE^ zygadbnus 



TOPIELUIA 



the inner abruptly contracted to a broad claw ; gland obcordate : styles 

 about 2 lines long: seeds oblong, angular, not margined, 2 lines long. In 

 moist places, eastern Oregon to Alaska and Illinois. 



Z Donglasii Torr. Pac. E. Sep. vii, Z. Fremonti Watson. Stem 

 rather stout, l>^-2>^ feet high : leaves 6-12 lines wide, nearly as long as 

 the stem: bracts moslly green, ovate, acuminate, 6-15 lines long; pedicels 

 stoutish, 1-2 inches long, exceeding the bracts : perianth-segments white or 

 yellowish, free from the ovary, 5-7 lines long, the outer not clawed, the 

 inner contracted to a broad claw : glands irregular, toothed on the upper 

 margin : stamens about half as long as the segments : styles about a line 

 long : capsule 6-12 lines long ; seeds less than 2 lines long. Along the coast, 

 southern Oregon to California. 



* * Flowers smaller, polygamous. 



Z. panicnlatns Watson Bot. King 343. Ptem usually stout, 1-2 feet 

 high ; leaves 6-8 inches long, usually all sheathing, roughisb on both sides, 

 mostly falcate: raceme usually panicled, many-flowered: bracts mostly 

 scarious, shorter than the pedicels: segments of the perianth 1-2 lines 

 long, oblong, acute, rather abruptly contracted to a claw : gland not very 

 deflnately margined, often reaching nearly to the middle of the blade: 

 stamens equalling or longer than the segments : capsule oblong-ovate, 6-12 

 lines long. On dry foothills, eastern Oregon and Washington to Montana 

 and Nevada. 



Z. venenosns Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 279. Stem rather slen- 

 der, 8-30 inches high: leaves 4-15 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, scabrous, the 

 cauline not sheathing: racemes usually simple, with narrow scarious 

 bracts: perianth free from the ovary, its segments triangular-ovate to 

 elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish, 2-3 lines long, all abruptly contracted 

 to a short glandular claw, the blade rounded or subcordate at base: gland 

 extending slightly above the claw, with a well defined irregular margin : 

 stamens longer than the segments ; capsule 4-6 lines long : seeds lJ^-2)^ 

 lines long. Common in meadows, California to Brit. Columbia arid Utah. 



Z. intermedius Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxvii, 535. Stem rath- 

 er stout, 1-2 feet high : leaves scabrous on the margins and midrib, 6 

 inches or more long, 3-5 lines wide, keeled and sometimes conduplicate, 

 all with conspicuous scarious sheaths at base : raceme rather long : seg- 

 ments of the perianth 3-4 lines long, obtuse, the outer ones broadly ovate 

 and acute or rounded at base, short-clawed, the inner oblong, subcordate 

 at base, with a claw half a line long : gland almost semi-orbicular, the upper 

 margin toothed but thin and not well defined. Idaho to Montana and 

 Utah. 



Z. graminens Eydb. 1. c. Stem slender. S-14 inches high: leaves 

 narrowly linear, scabrous on the margins and midrib, 4-8 inches long, 1-3 

 lines wide, conduplicate and somewhat falcate, all with distinct scarious 

 sheaths surrounding the stem : racemes rather short : bracts scarious, 

 lanceolate, long-acuminate : outer segments of the perianth broadly ovate, 

 obtuse, acute at base and very short-clawed, inner ones ovate obtuse, sub- 

 cordate at base, with a claw about a line long : gland almost semiorbicular, 

 the upper edge toothed but thin and not well-defined : capsule elongated- 

 ovoid, 4-5 lines long. Idaho to Albertia and Nebraska. 



4 TOFIELDIA Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 157. (1778.) 



Perennial herbs with short running rootstocks, fibrous roots, 

 erect stems, linear somewhat 2-ranked and equitant leaves clus- 

 tered at the base and small perfect white or greenish flowers in a 

 terminal bracted raceme, the flowers usually involucrate by 3 



