Genus 3. 



PINE FAMILY, CONIFERS 



i. Picea canadensis (Mill.) B.S.P. White or 

 Pine Spruce. Fig. 143. 



Abies canadensis Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768. 



Pinus alba Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 371. 1789. 



Picea alba Link, Linnaea, 15: 519. 1841. 



Picea canadensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 1888. 



A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of 

 about 110° and a trunk diameter of 3 , but usually, 

 much smaller. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, pale 

 and glaucous ; leaves light green, slender, 6"-8" long, 

 very acute ; cones cylindric or oblong-cylindric, pale, 

 ii'-a' long, 6"-8" thick before the scales open; scales 

 almost membranaceous, their margins usually quite 

 entire ; bracts incised. 



Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and Alaska, south to 

 Maine, northern New York, Michigan and South Da- 

 kota. Wood soft, weak, light yellow ; weight per cubic 

 foot 25 lbs. Called also Cat Pine or Spruce ; and Single, 

 Black or Skunk-spruce. Sometimes with a skunk-like odor. April-May. 



2. Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce. Fig. 144. 



Abies mariana Mill. Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 5. 1768. 



Pinus nigra Ait. Hort Kew. 3: 370. 1789. 



Abies nigra Desf. Hist. Arb. 2: 580. 1809. 



Picea nigra Link, Linnaea, 15 : 520. 1841. 



Picea mariana B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71, 1888. 



Picea brevifolia Peck, Spruces of the Adirondacks 13. 1897. 



A slender tree, sometimes 90° high, the trunk reaching a 

 diameter of 2°-3°, the branches spreading, the bark only 

 slightly roughened. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata pubes- 

 cent; leaves thickly covering the twigs, deep green, glau- 

 cous stout, straight or curved, rarely more than Y long, 

 obtuse or merely mucronate at the apex; cones oval or 

 ovoid, i'-ii' long, persistent on the twigs for two or more 

 seasons, their scales with entire or erose margins. 



Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory, 

 south to New Jersey, along the higher Alleghanies to North 

 Carolina and to Michigan and Minnesota. Wood soft, weak, 

 pale red or nearly white ; weight per cubic foot 28 lbs. 

 Called also Yew or Spruce Pine ; He Balsam ; Spruce Gum- 

 tree ; Juniper ; and Blue, Double, White and Cat Spruce. 



3. Picea rubens Sargent. Red Spruce. 

 Fig- 145- 



Pinus rubra Lamb. Pinus, 1 : 43. pi. 28. 1803. 



Not Mill. 

 Picea rubra Dietr. Fl. Berl. 2: 795. 1824. 

 Picea rubens Sargent, Silva N. A. 12: 33. 1898. 



A slender tree, sometimes reaching a height. 



of 100° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the 



branches spreading, the bark reddish, nearly 



smooth. Twigs slender, sparingly pubescent; 



sterigmata glabrate ; leaves light green, slender, 



straight or sometimes incurved, very acute at 



the apex, s"-8" long; cones ovoid or oval, 



seldom more than i¥ long, deciduous at the 



end of the first season or during the winter, 



their scales undulate or lacerate. 



Newfoundland to northern New York, Minne- 

 sota and along the higher Alleghanies to Vir- 

 ginia and Georgia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in the 

 Adirondacks. Wood similar to that of the pre- 

 ceding species. May-June. 



Picea australis Small, of the high southern 

 Alleghanies with very slender leaves, glabrous 

 sterigmata and smaller cones, may be specifically 

 distinct. 



