62 



PINACEAE. 



Vol. I. 



4. TSUGA Carr. Trait. Conif. 185. 1855. 



Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly linear scat- 

 tered short-petioled.leaves, spreading and appearing 2-ranked, jointed to very short sterigmata 

 and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, short or subglo- 

 bose ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective slightly produced beyond 

 them; pollen-grains simple. Ovule-bearing aments terminal, the scales about as long as the 

 bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous, 

 their scales scarcely woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat winged. [Name Japanese.] 



About 7 species ; the following in North America, 2 in northwestern North America, 3 or 

 4 Asiatic. Type species : Tsuga "Sieboldi Carr. (Abies Tsuga Sieb. & Zucc.) of Japan. 

 Cones 6"-io" long, their scales remaining appressed. 1. T. canadensis. 



Cones i'-i>4' long, their scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. caroliniana. 



i. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hem- 

 lock. Fig. 146. 



Pinus canadensis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1421. 1763. 

 Abies canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 206. 



1803. 

 Tsuga canadensis Carr. Trait. Conif. 189. 1855. 



A tall forest tree, sometimes no" high, the 

 trunk reaching 4° in diameter, the lower 

 branches somewhat drooping, the old bark 

 flaky in scales. Foliage dense ; leaves obtuse, 

 flat, 6"-9" long, less than 1" wide, dark green 

 above, pale beneath, the petiole less than one- 

 half as long as the width of the blade ; cones 

 oblong, obtuse, as long as or slightly longer 

 than the leaves, their scales suborbicular, ob- 

 tuse, minutely lacerate or entire, not widely 

 spreading at maturity. 



Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware, 

 along the AHeghanies to Alabama and to Michi- 

 gan and Wisconsin. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the 

 Adirondacks. One of the most ornamental of 

 evergreens when young. Wood soft, weak, 

 brittle, coarse-grained, light brown or nearly 

 white ; weight per cubic foot 26 lbs. Bark much 

 used in tanning. April-May. Called also Spruce 

 Pine, Hemlock Spruce. 



2. Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina 

 Hemlock. Fig. 147. 



Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6 : 



223. 1881. 

 Abies caroliniana Chapm. Fl. S. States, Ed. 2, 



650. 1883. 



A forest tree attaining a maximum height of 

 about 8o° and a trunk diameter of 3i°, the 

 lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly 

 linear, obtuse, rather light green above, nearly 

 white beneath, 7"-io" long, the petiole nearly 

 as long as the width of the blade; cones i'-ii' 

 long, the scales firm but scarcely woody, ob- 

 long, obtuse, widely spreading at maturity. 



Southwestern Virginia to South Carolina and 

 Georgia in the AHeghanies. Wood soft, weak, 

 brittle, light brown ; weight per cubic foot about 

 27 lbs. A more graceful and beautiful tree than . 

 the preceding at maturity. Ascends to 4200 ft. 

 in North Carolina. Called also Southern Hem- 

 lock. April. 



5. ABIES [Tourn.] Hill, Brit. Herb. 509. 1756. 

 Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to appear 

 2-ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to sterigmata, and commonly quite per- 

 sistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of their bases. Staminate aments 

 axillary ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective prolonged into a 

 short knob or point; pollen-grains compound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules 



