Genus 3. 



ELM FAMILY. 



Celtis occidentalis L. 



Sugar-berry. Fig. 



Hackberry. 

 1545- 



Celtis occidentalis L. Sp. PI.. 1044. 1753. 

 Celtis pumila Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 200. 1814. 



A tree or shrub, attaining a maximum height 

 of about 90 and a trunk diameter of 3 , the bark 

 dark, rough, often corky. Leaves ovate or ovate- 

 lanceolate, sharply serrate, mostly thin, acute or 

 acuminate at the apex, inequilateral, ii'-4' long, 

 i'-2i' wide, smooth and glabrous above, pubescent, 

 at least on the veins, beneath ; staminate flowers 

 numerous ; pistillate flowers usually solitary, 

 slender-peduncled ; calyx-segments linear-oblong, 

 deciduous ; drupes globose to globose-oblong, pur- 

 ple, or nearly black when mature, or orange, 

 4"-S" in diameter, sometimes edible, on stalks 

 usually twice their length or longer. 



In dry, often rocky, soil, Quebec to Manitoba, 

 North Carolina, Missouri and Oklahoma. Wood soft, 

 weak, coarse-grained ; color light yellow ; weight per 

 cubic foot 40 lbs. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept. 

 Nettle-tree. False or bastard-elm. Beaver-wood. 

 Juniper-tree. One-berry. Rim- or hoop-ash. 



Celtis canina Raf., differing by relatively longer, narrower and usually longer tipped leaves, and 

 growing in rich soil, within the range of C. occidentalis, may be a race of that species. 



2. Celtis crassifdlia Lam. Rough-leaved 

 Hackberry. Fig. 1546. 



Celtis crassifolia Lam. Encycl. 4: 138. 1797. 



A large tree, sometimes 125° high and with a 

 trunk diameter of 3 or more, with rough, usually 

 corky-thickened bark, the young twigs pubescent. 

 Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or short- 

 acuminate, rather coarsely toothed, 3'-6' long, sca- 

 brous above, rough-pubescent, especially on the 

 veins, beneath, the petioles rather short; d/upes 

 short-oblong or nearly globular, about 5" in /diam- 

 eter, on stalks 8"-i2" long. 



In rich soil, especially in river valleys, Massachu- 

 setts(?), New Jersey to Indiana, South Dakota, South 

 Carolina and Colorado. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug.- 

 Sept. Probably not specifically distinct from the pre- 

 ceding species. 



3. Celtis mississippiensis Bosc. South- 

 ern Hackberry. Fig. 1547. 



Celtis mississippiensis Bosc, Diet. Agric. 10 : 41. 

 1 810. 



A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 

 ioo°, the trunk up to 3 in diameter, the bark 

 light gray, rough and warty. Leaves ovate or 

 lanceolate, firm, shining, entire or with a few 

 low sharp teeth, 3-nerved and prominently pin- 

 nately veined, glabrous on both sides, long- 

 acuminate at the apex, inequilateral and ob- 

 tuse or sometimes cordate at the base, i's' 

 long, i'-iY wide; peduncles mostly shorter 

 than those of the' preceding species; drupes 

 globose, purple-black, 2V-3" in diameter. 



In dry soil, Virginia to southern Illinois and 

 Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Bermuda. 

 April. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 



Celtis Smallii Beadle, of the southern United 

 States, differs by sharply serrate leaves and 

 ranges north to western Kentucky. 



