110 THE BEE-KEEPER’S MANUAL. 
usually hangs next to one of the sides of the hive, and 
consists of a double board the same size as a frame, 
and having the grain of its respective thin halves 
running in cross directions to prevent warping or 
breaking. These are fixed to each other by means of 
screws of five-eighths of an inch. At e, f, on the 
frame to the right is shown the method of holding the 
frames at their proper intervals by means of alternate 
distance-pins. These are driven in immediately above 
the side-hars of the frames, so that in extracting one 
_of the latter there is no fear of tearing the comb 
against a pin. The bar is seven-eighths of an inch 
wide, so the pin projects five-eighths, and thus makes 
up the total space allotted to each frame to one inch 
anda half. By placing the two pins upon different 
sides it will be seen that a frame can be turned round 
and inserted the other way if desired. As only half 
the interval is needed between the end frames and the 
hive wall, there is a hollow cut at g on the left-hand 
upper corner to admit of half the length of the pin; 
while the dummy, which usually takes the place of the 
other wall, is similarly grooved at h, and this groove 
must extend from top to bottom of its board, to admit 
of extraction from the hive without disturbing the next 
frame. It carries its own pin at i, made half the 
length of the other pins. As the dummy here stands 
it illustrates the method of contracting a hive when 
the colony is too small to preserve a due degree of 
warmth if scattered over the whole: more frames, as 
fast as they are required, must be inserted in the 
centre of the occupied ones. To enable the dummy to 
be placed close up against the right wall of the hive, it 
