WINTER MANAGEMENT. 261 
the malady in those cases in which only one or two 
stocks in an apiary are attacked, and when it 
seems clear that there can have existed no means 
of contagion. <A second view attributes the origin to 
honey that has fermented and become acidified, as 
is especially the case, he says, with the American 
and Polish cask-honey. Though this honey may 
come from wholly uninfected stocks, its fermenting 
property seems to exert its effect sometimes upon 
the brood. Mr. Mahan, of Philadelphia, when in 
Cuba, frequently saw the combs of brood, pollen, and 
honey, together with the brimstoned bees, put under 
strong pressure, and the juice squeezed out and 
called honey! This “horrible sauce” would speedily 
ferment, and he knows many instances in which the 
supply of such honey to the bees has occasioned 
foul brood in America—though the disease is all 
but unknown in Cuba itself, for the Cubans know 
the danger, and most carefully guard such honey 
from the insects. Dzierzon had foul brood in 1848 
through honey from Cuba, but the effect of other 
cask-honey is mostly similar. It seems to cause the 
disease indirectly, by begetting a bad smell, and it 
has always been six or eight weeks after its adminis- 
tration that foul brood has broken out. 
A third view is that if from any cause bees which 
have died from the uncontagious form (or from chilled 
brood) are not removed from the hive, the smell 
arising from their bodies may beget the contagious 
form. A fourth view speaks of the possible effect 
of a poisonous dew with which blossoms are at times 
attacked; Dzierzon inclined to favour this supposi- 
