WINTER MANAGEMENT. 263 
there are so many other possible causes, that we are 
not called upon to deery the movable frames when 
in the hand of a sensible apiculturist. 
To the above list of exciting influences we append 
the following from an excellent paper by “A Lanark- 
shire Bee-Keeper:” Foul brood, he says, may be 
brought on (1) by internal damp; (2) by immoderate 
feeding, which raises an undue heat in the hive, 
and, if supplied below or on the fountain principle, 
causes the bees to cluster around the openings to 
such degree as to choke ventilation; (3) neglect of 
ventilation to swarms in transit; (4) the use of old 
combs in which, though perfectly clean, a small 
quantity of fermenting honey is contained. Hence, 
in regard to the second danger, he recommends the 
vulcanite plate; and in regard to the fourth, the 
washing of all old combs in solution of carbolice acid 
(doubtless he would now substitute that of salicylic 
acid, mentioned further on). In this connection it 
may be added that liquid food liable to ferment should 
be boiled again before being supplied to the bees. 
We return then to the investigations of Dr. Schén- 
feld, as to whom the information may be acceptable 
that he has long stood in the foremost rank of 
German bee masters, and that Von Berlepsch com- 
mitted to him the writing of his own chapters upon 
the senses of bees, as being ‘“‘ beyond doubt the best- 
informed of apiculturists on these subjects.” He now 
stands second to Dzierzon alone, like whom he has 
worthily been honoured with the recognition of merit 
conveyed in the title of Doctor. 
We cannot, however, enter into the details of his 
