198 BIRDS' NESTS 



ground. The Bulbuls in the genus lole are remarkable 

 for the fact that they build their nests in horizontal 

 forks, after the manner of the Orioles. The Olive 

 Bulbul {lole virescens) slings its somewhat bulky 

 compact yet shallow nest from a fork of twigs, in- 

 closing the latter in the material, and at a distance 

 of nearly five feet from the ground. The principal 

 external material consists of long strips of inner bark, 

 with a few scraps of outer bark, and a large number of 

 very fine and elastic twigs. The outside of the nest is 

 also studded with small dead leaves, fastened to the 

 other materials with spiders' webs, the latter not only 

 serving to bind all together, but to attach the nest to 

 its supporting twigs. The lining consists of black 

 fern-roots, long fibres of a reddish colour, and the 

 tendrils of some creeping plant. In some nests the 

 latter material predominates in the lining ; in others 

 the black fern-roots occupy the greater part. It is 

 interesting to remark the change in materials with 

 the change of method of attaching the nest, the 

 Bulbuls adopting cobwebs for the purpose just as so 

 many other remotely allied birds have been found 

 to do. 



Our next assemblage of open nest-builders consists 

 of the Cuckoo Shrikes (Campephagidas). These birds 

 construct cup-shaped nests (many of them very pad- 

 like and shallow) in bushes and trees, often placing 

 them at the extremity of a branch forty feet from the 

 ground. As fairly representative the nests of the fol- 



