OMPHALOPHLEBITIS 21 
the body. In some cases the morbid changes consist of subcutaneous 
and intermuscular suppurative cellulitis. 
The infection takes place through the umbilicus. As the cord 
is broken in the field or stable many species of bacteria may gain 
access to the exposed and freshly severed surface. In colts a strepto- 
coccus seems to be the most common species of bacteria capable 
of invading the body and producing the joint abscesses. In the 
lamb, a variety of the colon bacillus has been associated, apparently 
as the etiological factor, with the subcutaneous cellulitis. The lesions 
resulting from navel infection illustrate in a most excellent manner 
the extent to which certain pyogenic bacteria, gaining access to the 
body, may extend by metastasis to places remote from their entrance 
and produce diseased foci. In some cases the lesions are said to be 
of a different nature. There is swelling and necrosis of the navel 
and surrounding tissues caused by B. necrophorus. This organism 
has also been found in the joint lesions by Mettam. 
In the case of navel-ill, the umbilical vein usually contains. a 
number of bacteria. Moore found that in colts very few if any of 
the streptococci producing the joint lesions could be found in the 
parenchymatous organs. Occasionally one or two of many tubes 
of media inoculated from the liver would develop cultures of the 
infecting organism. In this disease, where many species of bacteria 
come into competition, one is impressed with the fact that seemingly 
verv few of the extraneous bacteria are capable of gaining entrance 
into the general circulation or, at least, are possessed of vital powers 
sufficient to resist the destructive forces of the living animal body. 
The lesions consist of some form of inflammation. In the joints 
it is usually the suppurative type (pyemicarthritis). In the inter- 
muscular tissue it may be suppurative or of a serous or fibrinous nature. 
Bacteriemia may occur. 
White scours or diarrhea in calves. This is a disease affecting 
calves from a few hours to as many days old, with a mortality ranging 
from 50 to 90 per cent. The investigations which have been made 
in this country have suggested that it is often due to umbilical 
infection with certain forms of the colon bacillus. Other species 
such as B. aerogenes, Ps. pyocyaneus, B. proteus, varieties of 
the colon group and Bact. bovisepticum have been described as 
etiological factors in this disease. It has been suggested, and Wil- 
liams has some data to confirm it, that the Bang abortion organism 
