22 WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES 
is the cause of a specific white scours and pneumonia of calves. It 
is also very likely that infection occurs ‘through ingestion. In these 
investigations characteristic lesions were not found. 
Nocard reported the results of his investigation of apparently 
a similar disease of calves in Ireland. He found that they usually 
died during the first week. In the more chronic cases, lung lesions 
were found. His inquiries tend to show that this is primarily due 
to a wound infection. He states in his report concerning the nature 
of this disease that it usually lasts from 3 to 6 days and is charac- 
terized by an intense intestinal discharge. The calves lose flesh 
rapidly, their flanks are hollow, abdomen retracted, back arched, 
eyes sunken, and hair dull; they make violent expulsive efforts. 
the nose is hot and dry with slight discharge of mucus, and the 
temperature is elevated. 
In other cases, but not so commonly, the symptoms are less severe 
and recovery seems to take place; but most of the calves die several 
weeks later with pulmonary lesions. 
Nocard stated that it is not rare to see, in these cases, the dis- 
charges mixed with blood in various quantities. In more chronic 
forms one may observe acute, multiple and very painful arthritis. 
The lesions found by Nocard at the autopsy varied according to the 
course of the disease. Usually the umbilicus was large and the 
umbilical blood-vessels had indurated walls, and contained blood 
clots which were soft and purulent. Bloody extravasations were 
observed, sometimes very extensive, along the umbilical vessels 
and the urachus, extending sometimes to the posterior third of the 
bladder. 
In rapidly progressing cases, lesions of true hemorrhagic septicemia 
were found. All the organs were congested; their surfaces were 
covered with petechiae, eechymoses or sub-serous blood infiltrations; 
the capillary network of the peritoneum, the omentum, the pleura 
and the pericardium were very much injected. 
Nocard described the lungs and articular lesions as follows: 
“The lungs are rarely entirely healthy; most often they present here and there 
little diffuse centers of catarrhal pneumonia, nodular broncho-pneumonia or only 
atelectasis. The lesions are much more constant, extensive and dense when the 
animals have resisted longer; they represent then the transition between the simple 
atelectasis of the beginning and the suppurative lesion of lung disease. 
“Articular lesions, when they exist, are very interesting. The periarticular tissues 
are infiltrated with yellowish and somewhat gelatinous liquid; the synovial serous 
membrane is covered with a rich vascular injection, which seems to extend to the 
borders of the cartilages of the articular surfaces; the culs-de-sac of the synovials 
are distended by a great quantity of thick and limpid synovia, strongly yellow or red- 
