FOWL TYPHOID 79 
feebly. Not infrequently the cells are isolated and their outlines 
indistinct. Occasionally foci are observed in which the liver cells 
appear to be dead and the intervening spaces infiltrated with round 
cells. The changes in the hepatic tissues are presumably secondary 
to the engorgement of the organ with blood. 
The rareness with which the intestinal tract is affected in both the 
natural and artificially produced cases is exceedingly interesting and 
important for the differential diagnosis. There is in most cases a 
hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the colon, but this condition 
is not uncommon in the healthy individual. The kidneys are gener- 
ally but not uniformly pale. They are streaked with reddish lines, 
due to the injection of blood vessels. In section the tubular epi- 
thelium appears to be normal. The kidneys seem to be, from the 
number of bacteria in the cover-glass preparations, especially favor- 
able for the localization of the specific organism. The spleen is 
rarely discolored or engorged with blood. The lymphatic glands were 
not appreciably enlarged in any individual examined. The lungs 
except in chronic cases are normal. The brain and spinal cord are 
unaffected. 
The heart muscle is usually pale and sprinkled with grayish points 
due to cell infiltration and necrosis. These lesions are so common 
that it seems safe to consider them characteristic manifestations. 
Death usually occurs in systole, the auricles containing very thin, 
unclotted blood. 
The most important alterations are found in the blood. These 
consist, in the progress of the disease, of the gradual disappearance 
of the red corpuscles and increase in the number of white ones, as 
determined by blood counts made daily or every other day, from the 
time of inoculation, or of feeding the virus, until the day of death. 
The diminution in the number of red corpuscles and the increase 
in the number of white ones are illustrated in the blood count of two 
eases of artificially produced disease. 
In carefully heated cover-glass preparations of healthy fowl’s 
blood stained with methylene-blue and eosin, the nuclei are colored 
a deep blue, and the cellular protoplasm surrounding the nucleus is 
stained by the eosin. In similar preparations made from the blood 
of the affected fowls there are a greater or less number of cells which 
do not take the eosin stain. These were called spindle cells by Van 
Recklinghausen, blood plates by Bizzozero, and hematoblasts by 
Hayem. More recently Dekhuyzen has called them thrombocytes. 
