GLANDERS 113 
sticky discharge, sometimes mixed with blood, from the nose. Par- 
ticles of food arrested in the pharynx occasionally appear in the nasal 
discharge. If unilateral the margin of the nostril swells, the mucosa 
is dark red, infiltrated, marked with pea-like, yellowish elevations with 
red areolee, which in a few days become eroded, thus forming spreading 
ulcers. The submaxillary lymphatic glands on the affected side 
become enlarged. There may, however, be a uniform swelling of the 
intermaxillary space. The course is rapid and death may occur in 
from the sixth to the fifteenth day. The acute form rarely if ever 
becomes chronic. 
Chronic glanders. In the horse, this form of the disease may begin 
with a chill but usually the onset is very insidious. There may be a 
muco-purulent, sticky discharge, sometimes streaked with blood, from 
one or both nostrils. There may be intermittent or continued lame- 
ness, arthritis, edema of a limb, swelling of a testicle, cough, or epis- 
taxis. There is usually a nodular but comparatively painless swelling 
of the submaxillary lymph gland on the affected side. On palpation 
the swelling imparts a sensation suggestive of a number of peas. 
They are adherent to the adjacent structures. The nasal mucosa is 
congested, of a dark reddish color and sprinkled with superficial or 
deep ulcers either clean or covered with crusts. 
Rarely the submaxillary glands only are apparently diseased. In 
other cases, there is only a cough, the lesions being confined to the 
lungs. Occasionally, the lesions are restricted to one or both testicles, 
the spleen, or other internal organ. Objective symptoms may or may 
not be present. Chronic glanders may terminate in the acute form. 
In chronic, cutaneous glanders, with or without edema of the 
limbs, there may be one or many nodules on the fetlock, or elsewhere 
on the line of the lymphatic vessels, with induration of the lymphatics 
extending from it. The nodules may be suppurating and discharging, 
or they may be closed. The period of incubation and duration 
found after a lecture on morbid anatomy. 
Morbid anatomy. In chronic glanders the most frequent locations 
of the lesions are on the respiratory mucous membrane, in the lungs, 
lymph glands and skin. M’Fadyean states that he has never seen a 
case of glanders in which the Jungs were not affected if any lesions 
were found. Other organs are more rarely invaded. The mucous 
membrane of the upper respiratory passages is the usual seat of the 
lesions. Glanders occurs in two forms, (1) as circumscribed nodules 
with the formation of ulcers and cicatrices; and (2) as diffuse or 
infiltrated lesions. 
