GLANDERS 14] 
“Horses in which the serum produces an incomplete fixation of the complement in the 
quantities of 0.1 cc. and 0.2 cc. should also be considered as glandered. 
“Horses in which the serum shows no fixation of the complement in either tube 
should be considered free of glanders.” 
In order to reduce the possibility of error to a minimum the agglutination test may 
be applied to the latter cases, and if this shows a value of 1 to 1,000 or over, the animal 
should be considered as glandered. However, such cases are extremely rare. 
Conglutination. Recently this test has been introduced by Pfeiler 
and Weber for the diagnosis of glanders. They claim that it has 
certain advantages over the complement fixation test especially in 
that mule serum does not have the same highly anti-complementary 
action as it does in the fixation of the complement. It is based on the 
phenomenon first described by Ehrlich and Sachs in 1902 that if one 
brings together the washed red corpuscles of a guinea pig, fresh horse 
serum, and inactive (heated to 56° C. for %4 hour) cow serum, hemoly- 
sis results. Bordet and Gay in 1906 showed that this action was also 
attended by a very vigorous agglutination of the red corpuscles and 
the substance in the cow serum which was responsible for the aggluti- 
nation was named by Bordet and Strenge ‘‘Konagglutinin.” It is 
purely a laboratory test and cannot be applied in the field. 
Glanders is to be differentiated from a variety of nasal and lymphatic 
disorders more or less common in the horse kind. Before the discov- 
ery of the specific bacterium of glanders and the specific tests, it was 
necessary to determine as closely as possible the differential anatom- 
ical characters between glanders and those of other affections, such 
as chronic nasal catarrh, strangles, lymphangitis, follicular ulceration 
of the nasal mucosa, cancer, sarcoma, actinomycosis, and the like. 
With the modern methods of diagnosis it is not necessary to attempt 
the often impossible differentiation between glanders and these 
lesions from the morbid changes alone. 
Strong has described a disease in the Philippine Islands, which first 
appears in nodules, that resembles glanders very closely. Itis caused 
by a blastomyces. It occasionally attacks cattle as well as horses. 
Epizoétic lymphangitis is the disease most liable to be mistaken 
for farcy or skin glanders. It is caused by a yeast-like fungus 
(Saccharomyces farciminosus). This disease was discovered by Pear- 
son in the State of Pennsylvania. 
Edwards has described a disease in mules resembling glanders. It 
is characterized by lymphangitis, laryngitis and extensive ulceration, 
gangrenous pneumonia but no formation of nodules. The mules 
