142 GLANDERS 
did not react to mallein. A bacillus resembling Bact. mallet was 
isolated. 
Tuberculosis and other lesions of the nares. Jcest has called atten- 
tion to the difficulty in differentiating glanders from tuberculous 
ulcers* on the nasal septum and tuberculous nodules in the lungs, 
cicatricial scars on the nasal septum due to injuries, local amyloid 
tumor formation and hemorrhagic nodule-like lesions on the nasal 
mucosa and pressure ulcers in the larynx. 
Parasitic nodules. In post mortem examinations, nodules are 
often found in the lungs, and occasionally in other organs, that are 
parasitic in nature but which resemble very closely those of glanders. 
Pathologists have long recognized parasitic nodules and their positive 
chemotactic action toward eosinophiles. There is a large literature 
on the differentiation of parasitic nodules from those of specific 
diseases such as glanders. Angeloff found that the “gray trans- 
parent nodules”’ in the lungs of horses were of parasitic nature and that 
the larva of a nematode usually Sclerostoma bidentatum could be 
found in the center of the nodules. Histologically the parasitic 
nodules may be recognized by the eosinophilic leucocytes which sur- 
round them. The studies of Moore and Fitch led to the conclusion 
that macroscopically it is difficult and often impossible to differentiate 
between the nodules due to parasites and those caused by Bact. 
mallet but that microscopically the lesions due to parasites are 
characterized by a variable eosinophilic infiltration. The existence 
of eosinophilia in parasitic lesions has been pointed out by Howard, 
Joest and others. 
Prevention. The physical cases of glanders are practically all 
spreaders and should be promptly destroyed and their stables thor- 
oughly disinfected including harness and watering bucket. The ex- 
posed animals should be tested and those that respond should be 
destroyed. On this point, however, there is a difference of opinion. 
Some authorities have affirmed that if the reacting animals are 
*In this country tuberculosis in horses is very rare but in Denmark it is quite com- 
mon. We have had one case of tuberculosis in the lung of « horse sent to the lab- 
oratory for diagnosis. It was sent in as a suspicious case of glanders. 
{A few observers have noticed eosinophilia in old nodules of supposed glanders 
origin. The reports, however, on this subject are not sufficiently conclusive to exclude 
parasites. It is not supposed that all parasites give rise to eosinophilia. Moore, 
Haring and Cady pointed out (Proceedings A. V. M. A., 1904) that the blood of horses 
infested with Sclerostoma bidentatum exhibited eosinophilia. Because of the serious- 
ness of infestion with this parasite, they suggested the desirability of a blood examina- 
tion as a procedure in eraminiug horses for soundness. 
