SPIROCHATOSIS IN FOWLS 303 
Sp. equi. Novy and Knapp, 1906. Blood of horses. 
Sp. vespertilionis. Novy and Knapp, 1906. Blood of bat. 
Sp. muris, variety Virginiana. MacNeal, 1907. Blood of rat. 
Spirochetosis. The term spirochetosis is given to the diseases 
caused by various species of the type genus spirocheta. The term 
spirilloses should be considered as a synonym until a more definite 
classification of the spirochztz can be made. Some of the spiro- 
cheetze seem to be obligatory parasites and others capable of living 
on certain mucose of the body without in any known way affecting it. 
Infections with spirocheta have been described as follows: 
Spirocheetosis of the fowl. 
ee of the goose. 
of the ox and calf. 
of the sheep. 
of the pig. 
oO of the horse. 
of mice. 
of man. 
The study of the type genus Spirocheta has resulted, as shown in 
Calkin’s classification, in placing the spirocheta of fowls, geese and 
cattle in the genus Treponema, to which the spirochete of syphilis 
and the germ of yaws belong. The distinguishing character of each 
is that Spirocheta has an undulating membrane and no flagella. The 
genus Treponema has flagella but no undulating membrane. 
SPIROCHAETOSIS IN FOWLS 
Synonyms. Spirillosis of fowls; spirillose des poules; Hzihner- 
spirillose. 
Characterization. An infectious disease of fowls caused by spiro- 
cheta of which there are several species described. The disease 
affects the blood and is a septicemia due to spirochetes and trans- 
mitted by the fowl tick, Argas miniatus, A. persicus, and A. vic- 
toriensis and possibly by other extozoa. It is a disease of fowls but 
it has been transmitted experimentally to geese, pigeons and other 
birds. Rabbits, guinea pigs and rats are said to be susceptible. 
History. This disease was described in Rio de Janeiro in 1903 by 
Marchoux and Salembini. Since that time it has been found in 
Algiers, Australia, Bulgaria, India, Rhodesia and other parts of South 
Africa, Tunis and the United States. In the various countries the 
