310 SPIROCHAETOSIS IN MAMMALS 
mentioned methods no chromatic body could be traced, such as is 
present in parasites belonging to the protozoa. 
“Cultivations on the usual artificial media were repeatedly tried, 
but always with negative results.” 
The disease produced by this organism is of a benign character and 
the symptoms are as a rule said to be slight. If infective blood is 
inoculated a febrile reaction takes place in from three to four days 
and about a day later the organisms may be found in the blood, 
occasionally a little earlier. There may also be a slight anemia with 
a considerable loss of red blood corpuscles. 
Theiler in 1904 found that the spirochete was transmitted from 
diseased to susceptible cattle by means of both adults and larve of 
the blue tick Boophilus decoloratus and by Rhipicephalus evertsi. 
This means of transmission was confirmed by Laveran and Valée. 
Theiler found the spirochetal infection to be associated with piro- 
plasma infection. Heanley found a few spirochetes in the buffalo, 
principally in the spleen and blood. They resemble those described 
by Theiler in the ox. Mezincescu studied a spirochete found in 
tuberculous cattle which he named S. pyogenes. Bonhoff found a 
spiral shaped organism in the vaccinial pustules of the calf and which 
he designated provisionally, S. vaccinae. 
Spirochetosis in sheep. In 1902, Theiler described spirochetes in 
the blood of sheep in the Transvaal and in 1904 Martoglio and 
Carpano observed them in the blood of Abyssinian sheep. It has from 
three to ten spirals and is from 10 to 204 in length and from 0.2 to 
0.4¥- in breadth. The extremities are tapered and they do not take 
the Gram stain. This organism is found in the blood plasma while the 
red blood corpuscles contain an unrecognized body. Blanchard 
designated is at S. ovina. The fact should be noted that Dodd trans- 
mitted S. theilert from the ox and horse to the sheep and it is possible 
that the spirochetes found in the three species are identical. Suscepti- 
ble sheep inoculated subcutaneously with defibrinated blood from the 
infected horse have a rise of temperature on the third to fifth day 
which continues intermittently for some days. 
Spirochztosis in the horse. Theiler also found spirochetes in horses 
in South Africa. Martin found them in the blood of horses. They 
were joined together around the red blood corpuscles. They were 
12 to 15v. in length and 0.25u. in breadth. Some of them were under- 
going transverse division. The inoculation of the blood of the horse 
