312 SPIROCHAETOSIS IN MAMMALS 
in clumps. It was difficult to distinguish it in the unstained prepara- 
tion. It stains well with any of the ordinary aniline dyes but does 
not retain the coloring matter after being treated by the Gram 
method. 
The lesions are anemia and a large number of circumscribed super- 
ficial ulcers on the skin ranging from one to two centimeters in diame- 
ter. The ulcers after definite periods become healed. The cicatrisa- 
tion begins under a scab which forms over the lesions. Later the 
scab drops off leaving a glistening cicatrix. Infected pigs were 
found not to regain their former condition after cicatrisation was 
complete but continued to emaciate until the time of death. The 
disease is transmitted by cohabitation. The spirochetes have been 
found in various lesions in the pig by Cleland and also by Gilruth. 
The etiological relation between the spirochetes and the disease in the 
pig is not fully established. Szante found spirochetes resembling 
those described by Dodd in what is known as “pig variola” in Hun- 
gary and Bucharest. 
Other spirochetes. Bonhoff (1905) described a spirochete found 
in the pustules of vaccinia of the calf. According to Bizzozero the 
stomach of the dog always contains numbers of extremely slender 
spirochetes formed of from three to seven turns and from 3 to 84 in 
length lodged in the interior of the gastric cells. These were found 
in the Norway rat, cat and dog. In the latter they were found to be 
constantly present. 
The spirocheta (S. plicatilis) was first described by Ehrenberg, in 
1838. It is common in stagnant water and often attains a length ot 
from 100 to 200%. In 1875, Cohn described S. buccalis which is 
tapered at both extremities and common in the dental tartar and in 
the saliva. In the same year S. Obermeieri was named by Cohn after 
its discoverer as the cause of recurrent fever in man. This organism 
varies from 15 to 304 in length, is very thin and tapered at both 
extremities. In 1905, Schaudinn and Hoffmann described a spirochete 
which is the cause of syphilis. It is known as Treponema pallidum. 
A number of other spirochetes have been found, some of which are 
pathogenic for man. 
REFERENCES 
1. Bree anp Ewinc. A study of the so-called infectious lymphosarcoma of dogs. 
Journ. of Med. Research, Vol. XV (1906), p. 209 and Journ. Comp. Path. and Therap., 
Vol. XTX (1906), p. 331. 
2. Brvan. Spirochetosis of fowls in Southern Rhodesia. Journ. Comp. Path. and 
Therap., Vol. XXI (1908), p. 43. 
