354 GALL SICKNESS OF CATTLE 
fecting materials should not be brought in contact with the syringes 
or with the material.” 
REFERENCES 
1. Crate. British Redwater. Hoare’s System of Veterinary Medicine, Vol. I 
(1913), p. 1005. 
2. M’Fapyean anp Stockman. A new species of piroplasm found in the blood of 
British cattle. Journ. of Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XXIV (1911), p. 340. 
3. Stockman. The treatment of redwater in cattle (bovine piroplasmosis) with 
trypanblue. Journ. Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XXII (1909), p. 321. 
GALL SICKNESS OF CATTLE 
Characterization. Gall sickness of cattle is a name applied to a 
variety of diseases in South Africa, characterized by anemia and 
icterus and the finding on post mortem of an abnormal liver or gall 
bladder. According to Theiler and Hutcheon, it is a name given by 
the natives to almost any obscure complaint affecting the digestive 
tract. A number of organisms have been found associated with it. 
Theiler was of the opinion that this infection was due to P. mutans. 
Still more recently he associated it with anaplasma. The disease 
named anaplasmosis by Theiler attacks cattle exclusively, especially 
when they are brought from high lands into lowlands or from less 
infected localities into more infected districts. The parasite may be 
transmitted to the healthy with the blood of the infected and recovered 
animals. Mixed infections seem to be very numerous in that terri- 
tory. 
Theiler found that the incubation period after a pure P. mutans 
infection varies between 13 and 42 days. The blood lesions consist 
in anisocytosis, polychromasia, metachromasia, basophile granula- 
tions and microcytes. In his experiments on 25 animals there were 
no fatal cases. 
Dodd found, in his investigations in Queensland, Australia, at 
least two distinct diseases caused by piroplasmata. One is due to 
P. bigeminum and is known as tick fever, red water or Texas fever. 
The other is due to small parasites whose prevailing form is that of a 
rod. There is as yet no popular name for this latter disease. 
REFERENCES 
1. TaerLer. Further notes on Piroplasma mutans. Journ. of Comp. Path. and 
Therap., Vol. XXII (1909), p. 115. 
2. TuerLer. Gall sickness of South Africa. (Anaplasmosis of cattle). Journ. 
of Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XXIII (1910), p. 98. 
