INFLUENZA IN HORSES 445 
contains albumin but desquamated epithelial cells of the bladder are 
often present in large quantity. 
A severe affection of the eyes is a quite constant characteristic 
symptom of influenza. At first it consists chiefly of a catarrhal and 
later of a phlegmonous conjunctivitis with considerable swelling of the 
eyelids, which may be followed by keratitis and possibly by an exuda- 
tive or hemorrhagic iritis. Usually both eyes are affected. The first 
indications are the presence of tears, intolerance of light, intense 
hyperemia of the conjunctiva and contraction of the pupil. The eye- 
lids swell, are hot, painful and kept more or less continually closed. A 
gray, muco-purulent secretion accumulates between the eyeball and 
eyelids and the eyeball becomes very sensitive to pressure. The 
cornea, which at the beginning of the keratitis has a greasy lustre, 
first becomes irridescent, but later in the course of the disease it may 
be opaque. It is considerably injected with blood at its edge; the 
iris becomes swollen and yellowish in color. Often these inflam- 
matory changes of the eye disappear in a strikingly short time. 
During the further progress of the disease, swellings may appear 
on the extremities, sheath, epigastrium and lower part of the chest. 
It may be concluded that these swellings are due to edema caused by 
passive congestion. Less frequently the swellings are of an inflamma- 
tory nature. The swelling of the extremities causes the gait to be 
stiff and unwieldly. 
The respiratory mucose are congested. At first there is a serous 
and, later on, a muco-purulent discharge from the nose, slight swelling 
of the submaxillary glands, moderate acceleration of respiration and a 
cough. As a rule the animal becomes emaciated during the course 
of the disease. Pregnant mares may abort. 
In certain cases complications may arise, such as cardiac debility, 
grave cerebral symptoms, severe gastro-intestinal inflammation, 
laminitis and petechial fever, all of which have been described as 
accompanying complications. 
The duration of the disease is from six to ten days, although severe 
cases may run for two to three weeks and very mild ones may recover 
in from three to six days. 
The mortality varies at different times and in different places. The 
average appears to be from 0.4 to 4 per cent. Dieckerhoff saw a loss 
of 4 per cent. among 1,700 horses; Aureggio, one of 3 per cent. among 
800 horses; Friedberger, one of 9 per cent.; and Siedamgrotzky, one 
