EQUINE CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA 447 
REFERENCES 
1. Ferry. Studies on the etiology of equine influenza. The Veterinary Journal, 
Vol. XTX (1912), p. 185. 
2. LieniEres. The etiology of equine influenza or infectious pneumonia. Jour. 
of Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. XI (1898), p. 312. 
3. M’Fapyzan. Influenza of the horse—what is it? Jour. of Comp. Path. and 
Therap., Vol. II (1889), p. 105. ‘ 
4. Marspen. Influenza. The Vet. Jour., Vol. II (1900), p. 315. 
5. Netson. Influenza. Bulletin 22. State Agric. Exper. Station, Washington, 
1896. 
EQUINE CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA 
Synonyms: Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa equorum; stable pneu- 
monia; bilious pneumonia; pulmonary influenza; epizodtic pneu- 
monia; pneumoenteritis; pasteurellosis; Brustseuche; pectoral- in- 
fluenza. 
Characterization. Contagious pneumonia or contagious pleuro- 
pneumonia in horses, asses and mules is characterized, in typical cases, 
by a high temperature, rapid pulse, inflammation of the lungs and 
pleura with a tendency to gangrene, but in mild cases without definite 
lung disturbances. Like strangles, both the symptoms and the 
lesions vary to such a degree that it is difficult to single out diagnostic 
features. 
History. In earlier times, influenza and contagious pleuro- 
pneumonia of the horse were not distinguished as separate diseases. 
Falke differentiated the disease formerly known as influenza into con- 
tagious pleuro-pneumonia and influenza. Since his time they have 
been recognized as distinct diseases. 
Geographical distribution. Contagious pneumonia, like strangles, 
is widely distributed. It appears in epizodtic form, although in cer- 
tain places it is reported to be almost enzodtic. It prevails most 
extensively where large numbers of horses are congregated. It has 
frequently been reported as the cause of much trouble among the 
horses in the European armies. In the eastern part of the United 
States, it appears from time to time in more or less serious epizodtics. 
It is quite common among horses shipped from the West. In these 
cases, it is designated as “western” or ‘“‘stable” fever. There is some 
question, however, as to the identity of Brustseuche and the shipping 
fevers. Until the etiology is more definitely determined authors will 
doubtless continue to differ on this point. 
Etiology. The cause is now believed to be a filterable virus. It is 
found in the tracheal mucus. 
