DIPHTHERIA IN FOWLS 493 
Fig. 117. Photographs of transections of the heads of two fowls. 
1, 2, and 8. Sections from a normal head. 
4, 5 and 6. Sections from approximately corresponding levels from the heads of 
fowls suffering with diphtheria. 
1. Cross-section of a chicken’s head just posterior to the nasal openings. a Nasal 
passage, b turbinated bone, c portion of the wall of the false nostril, d sub-orbital sinus, 
é palate. 
2. Cross-section of a chicken’s head midway between the nasal openings and the 
eyes. d Sub-orbital sinus, d! superior portion of the sub-orbital sinus, which connects 
with d posterior to the lachrymal duct, f lachrymal duct opening into the mouth 
through the cleft palate. 
8. Cross-section of a chicken’s head on a level with the anterior part of the eyes. 
d Sub-orbital sinus and the duct connecting it with the nares. 
4. Cross-section of a chicken’s head just posterior to the nasal openings, showing 
the swollen condition of the nasal mucosa in the first stage of the disease. The nasal 
Passages are nearly occluded. 6 Turbinated bone with swollen mucosa, d! sub-orbital 
sinus containing a small amount of exudate. 
5. Cross-section of a chicken’s head midway between the nasal openings and the 
eyes, showing extensive exudate in the left sub-orbital sinus d and nasal passage 
extending into the cleft palate m. The exudate is crowding upon the turbinated bones 
and nasal septum. 
6. Cross-section of a chicken’s head through the eyes, showing exudate in the con- 
junctival sac, inflammatory thickening of the eyelids and membrana nictitans, and 
ulcerated cornea. g Eyelid, h membrana nictitans, i exudate in the conjunctival sac, 
k ulcerated cornea, I eye. 
All sections are magnified two diameters. 
Preventive inoculation has been reported by several but wherever 
it was successful there is evidence of the epithelial nodules being pre- 
sent. (See chicken pox.) 
The most certain of the known methods of prevention as well as of 
treatment is the local application of disinfectants. The dipping of 
the heads of fowls in a solution of 1 to 2 per cent. of permanganate of 
potash, or a 3 per cent. solution of creolin, is reported to be very effec- 
tive in cases where the lesions are external and in the early stages.* 
The fact that the lesions are so much exposed renders the disease 
especially favorable for topical applications. When the exudates are 
in the sinuses or in the nares there is less opportunity for treatment. 
*Practical poultrymen in Petaluma, California, found that where this trouble first 
appeared if the badly diseased individuals were removed and the other fowls dipped 
(immersed) in a 3 per cent. creolin solution and the houses disinfected the trouble often 
disappeared. 
REFERENCES 
1. Gratis er Lrtnaux. Contributions a |’ étude bacteriologique de la diphtérie 
aviaire. Annales de Méd. Vét., Vol. XLVII (1898), p. 401. 
2. GuErin. Sur la non-identité de la diphtérie humaine et de la diphtérie aviaire. 
Recueil de Méd. Vét., Vol. LX XX, (1903), p. 20. : 
