ADVANCED BEE CULTURE. 143 



cell. Then there is black brood, that has caused so much havoc in 

 New York. In this the dead larva is more of a gelatinous nature 

 than anything else. It may sometimes string out quarter of an inch, 

 but never more than that, while foul brood will string out at least an 

 inch, and sometimes much further. Bla^k brood turns slightly 

 yellow, then a dark brown, and finally becomes black, hence the 

 name. It does not emit that gluey or "old" smell that comes from 

 foul brood. There is scarcely any odor, and what little there is 

 might be called a sour or fermenting smell, like that from decaying 

 fruit. Black brood is very similar to foul brood. It spreads in the 

 same manner, and treatment is the same as that for foul brood. 



To come back to foul brood once more. The symptoms enu- 

 merated above will be seen only during the breeding season. In a 

 strong colony, after, the breeding season is over, the cappings are all 

 cleared away, and the dead brood is entirely dried up — mere scales 

 almost the color of old comb itself, lying fast to the lower sides of 

 the cells, and drawn back more or less from the mouths of the cells. 

 There is probably no symptom of foul brood that is more difficult 

 for the novice to detect than these dried down scales, and, as just 

 explained, except in the breeding season, they are the only evidence 

 that can be found of the disease. Here are the instructions given by 

 Mr. N. E. France, Inspector for Wisconsin, for finding these scales: 

 "Bring a brood comb up from the hive to the level of your chin; then 

 tip the top of the comb towards you, so your view strikes the lower 

 side-wa.Us (not the bottom) of the brood-cells about one-third distant 

 from the front end of the cells, l^hen turn so that the rays of 

 bright light will come over your shoulder and shine where your 

 eye is looking. Gas or electric light will not take the place of 

 good daylight. On the lower side-wall, a little back from the front 

 end of the infected cell, will be seen the dead larva bee, nearly black, 

 with a sharp pointed head, often turned up a little, the back portion 

 of the bee flattened to a mere lining of the cell, often no thicker than 

 the wax in the wall of the comb. The base, or bottom of the cell, 

 likely looks clean; also all of the other side-walls of the cell." 



Honey is the means by which the disease is usually carried from 

 one hive to another. Mr. Frank Cheshire says that the mature 

 bees, the queen, and even the eggs, are infected in a diseased colony. 

 Be this as it may, where the bees of an infected colohy swarm, or 

 are shaken from their combs into a new or clean hive, and given no 

 combs in which they can store the infected honey that they have 

 brought with them, the brood hatched afterwards, in this newly 

 formed colony, remains free from disease. Foul brood is often 

 brought into an apiary by the bees robbing some diseased colony in 



