WHEAT 267 



early sow strips of wheat through the field. The 

 insects as soon as they emerge deposit the eggs 

 in these grain patches. As soon as the pupas have 

 formed the growing plants can be turned under and 

 the flies killed. These strips should be sown very 

 early. Possibly the best way of all is late sow- 

 ing. Delay the seeding until the adult fly has 

 emerged and perished. Of course the flies occa- 

 sionally breed very late in the season, but if the 

 farmers will watch their fields they will very often 

 find that the entire brood has perished before it is 

 too late to sow wheat. A combination of methods 

 is probably the best. If the weather is dry, burn 

 the stubble as soon as the grain is off. If it is wet 

 plow it under, following with a roller, and as soon 

 as any volunteer wheat appears turn it under. The 

 chaff from the threshing machine should be burned. 

 If strips of winter wheat are used as decoys, they 

 must be plowed under at the end of three or four 

 weeks. With these precautions and the planting 

 of the crop at the latest practicable date, the ravages 

 of the Hessian fly can be greatly lessened. 



How Flour Is Made. — The wheat is first cleaned, 

 tempered, tested and, if approved by the tester, it 

 is ground by the gradual reduction method, which 

 is a process of granulation rather than pulveriza- 

 tion, as is the case of the upper and nether mill- 

 stone. In this process it goes through six dif- 

 ferent sets of machines called breaks. This is the 

 roller-mill process. The first break slightly crushes 

 the wheat kernel when it goes to the scalper or 

 sieve. Here the middlings, or grits, are separated. 

 The residue is sent to another break, where it is 

 crushed still more, carried to the scalper again, and 

 more middlings sifted out. The wheat goes through 



