DOMESTICATED RACES 17 
the bear that he hunted or the turkey that our Puritan fore- 
father tamed. When Demosthenes was developing his oratory, 
and Alexander and Czesar were extending their dominions, the 
Six Nations had probably not yet made the beginning of what 
in time would undoubtedly have developed into an Indian civ- 
ilization, had it not been interrupted and finally destroyed by 
European discovery and invasion. 
Within the recollection of men now living the Sandwich 
Islanders were savages. Head-hunters and cannibals are not 
quite extinct in the Pacific Islands, while in Africa men are 
yet hunted like wild animals by their savage neighbors. Thus 
savagery lingered even until our own time. 
So it is that civilization is constantly springing up from new 
centers, giving us the opportunity of studying the methods of 
its beginning; and so it is that the ways of primitive man are 
well known and are made a part, not of our imagination, but of 
authentic history. So it is that we arrive at conclusions not only 
by inference and through relics of ancient peoples, but by actual 
observation of what men do in the primitive state, — of the real 
behavior of many and widely separated races that have for one 
reason or another been belated in their start towards civilization. 
In this way we are able to study the methods of domestication 
at first-hand. 
How the history of domestication is known. In the case of 
all these peoples, however savage, some start has been made 
toward domesticating at least a few wild animals, and it is by 
putting together fragments such as these and adding the facts 
of recorded history that the story of domestication may be 
written almost if not quite from the beginning. 
Even little matters throw great light upon such a history. 
For example, the bones of animals that were hunted for food 
during the stone age are left behind in great heaps, called 
“kitchen middens,”’! while the bones of domesticated animals 
1 Especially numerous in western Europe. Most of these long bones have 
been split to get at the marrow. 
