VARIABILITY OF A SINGLE CHARACTER 113 
comparison of the two standard deviations, because variability 
in one case is expressed in terms of inches and in the other in 
terms of ounces. 
If, however, each of the standard deviations be divided by its 
mean as a base, then the quotients can be directly compared. 
Thus 1.13 + 8.514 = 0.1327, or, as it is more commonly written, 
13.27, meaning thereby 13.27 per cent; and 2.854 + 8.807 = 
32.41, showing that the corn is much more variable with respect 
to weight than it is with respect to length. Such a quotient — 
standard deviation divided by its mean — is known as the coeffi- 
cient of variability, and, being entirely an abstract number, it 
serves as a basis on which the variabilities of any two distribu- 
tions may be directly compared, whether dealing in terms of 
inches or ounces, feet or pounds or numbers, and whether the 
individuals involved are ears of corn, pounds of milk, bushels of 
grain, or any other races or characters where differences can be 
weighed, counted, or otherwise measured. The footnote! gives 
a few coefficients of variability for human measurements. 
By the methods here outlined, any character or characters 
may be accurately studied as to both type and variability, pro- 
vided the character can be accurately measured in some way, and 
provided also that sufficient numbers can be found to make the 
distribution fairly smooth. 
It remains to offer suggestions as to certain details that are 
encountered in studies of this sort, and on which the student 
needs further information. 
Suggestions as to taking measurements. In the scale just 
used, the measurements of corn were taken one half inch apart 
and the weights in ounces. Why? Why were not the lengths 
1Nose length . .. . . 949 MHeadbreadth...... . 2.78 
Nose breadth . . . . . 7.57. Upper-armlength ... . . 6.50 
Nose height . . . . . 15.20 Forearmlength ... . . . 3.85 
Forehead height. . . . 10.40 Upper-leglength. . . . . . 5.00 
Under-jaw length . . . 4.81 Lower-leglength. . . . . . 5.04 
Mouth breadth . . .. 5.18  Footlength. ...... . 5.92 
Head length ..... 2.44 
