SYSTEMATIC IMPROVEMENT OF ANIMALS ere) 
On this basis, however, the two plans would compare about 
as follows : 
By grading, the farmer would have a crop of thirty half-blood 
calves. By pure breeding, his cows being reduced to one third, 
the number he could have would be but ten; that is to say, he 
has more “ blood” and therefore more improvement in his thirty 
half bloods than in his ten full bloods, as well as more animals 
Fic. 29. Choice (butcher) cow, $6.40 per hundredweight 
Mumford, in Budletin 78, Experiment Station, University of Illinois 
to stock his farm and to afford material for selection. On the 
sire’s side the expense has been the same. 
As between grading and mixed or unimproved breeding, the 
advantage is clearly with the former. The females are the same 
in both cases. The cost of feed for the sire is the same, and 
the only difference is in his original cost. A sire suitable for 
grading purposes can be had for a hundred dollars, which would 
be but $3.33 extra for each calf, to entirely pay for the bull 
with the first crop of calves. But he will raise successive crops, 
