196 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS AND PLANTS 
It will be seen upon careful study that some of these points 
are based upon utility, while others aim at mere looks, often 
covering points that, from the standpoint of utility, are trifling. 
Now we keep cows, for example, for milk and butter, and those 
that can make the most for a given amount of feed are the 
best cows, quite independent of the length of the tail or the 
color of the tongue. Meat animals generally are valuable in 
Fic. 33. Prime baby beef, $8.00 per hundredweight (1910) 
After Mumford 
proportion to the amount and quality of the meat they can 
make, and horses for their service at labor or upon the road. 
In pure breeding a great variety of minor matters are bound 
to enter in, and this fact constitutes one of its difficulties, but 
practical improvement of the mass of farm animals should 
proceed upon utility standards. 
Market classes and grades. For animals that are shipped 
largely to the open market, like beef cattle, sheep, pigs, and 
