FOREIGN RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS 143 



and appliances, whether destructive, inefficient, or 

 serviceable ; and 



3. Fish-culture. This was not contemplated 

 when Cbngress established the Commission, but 

 was undertaken later on at the suggestion of the 

 American Fish-Cultural Association. It includes 

 the introduction and multiplication of useful fishes 

 and other marine animals at the public expense. 

 It was provided for by a special " appropriation " 

 of money .^ 



All these three departments of work have been 

 developed very vigorously, and pure scientific 

 research by itself, and in relation to fishery ques- 

 tions, has been carried out on a scale with which we 

 are quite unfamiliar in Europe. At first the Com- 

 missioner and his staff made parties which worked 

 all along the coast at temporary stations. The 

 research work of the Commission was then, and 

 is still, carried out to a very large extent by volun- 

 teers — scientific men and women belonging to 

 the universities, museums, and schools of America, 

 who give their time freely to this work, and who 

 are assisted by the funds at the disposal of the 

 organisation. At first this work was almost 

 purely biological. The Commission at that 

 time possessed no laboratories or exploring vessels, 

 but were assisted freely by the vessels of the 



1 The appropriation from Congress in 1900, for all purposes, was 

 $454,500. Most of the States, however, have Fish Commissions, 

 and make additional appropriations. 



