SKELETON 



I I 



considerable help in Taxonomy (Classification). It must suffice 

 here to refer for the names of the parts to the subjoined figure. 



The Bill, or Beak, is composed of an upper jaw or maxilla, 

 and an under jaw or mandible. From the figure it will be seen 

 that " maxilla " is not strictly the whole upper portion, though 

 the term is thus used for convenience, as is the plural "mandibles" 

 for the two jaws when mentioned simultaneously. The " rham- 

 photheca," or horny sheath, may be simple (undivided), or com- 

 pound, that is, made of several distinct pieces. In the Anseres 

 the covering is soft with a horny (corneous) tip or " nail " ; in 



tlssq 



Fig. 5.— Skull of a Wild Duck {Anas ioscas), from the side, ag. Angular; als, 

 alisphenoid ; ar, articular ; bt, tasitemporal ; d, dentary ; en, external nostrils ; e.o, 

 exoccipltal ; eth, ethmoid ; fr, frontal ; /, jugal ; Ic, lacrymal ; mx, maxilla ; mx.p, 

 maxillopalatine process ; n, nasal ; p, parietal ; jiff, pterygoid ; pi, palatine ; ps, 

 presphenoid ; px, premaxilla ; q, quadrate ; q.j, quadratojugal ; s.ajr, supra-angular ; 

 s.o, supraoccipital ; sq, squamosal ; ty, tympanic cavity ; v, vomer ; //, foramen for 

 optic nerve ; V, for trigeminal. (From Wiedersheim, after Parker.) 



the Zimicolae it varies extremely, producing a hard pickaxe, as 

 in the Oystercatcher, or a delicate sensory organ as in the Snipe 

 and Woodcock. The rhamphotheca at times has extraordinary 

 outgrowths, as in the Hornbills, Sheathbills, and elsewhere. In 

 the Accifntres, or Diurnal Birds of Prey, and most Psittaci, the 

 base is soft and becomes a " cere," while the similar formation in 

 the Columbae is due to a swelling of the operculum or covering 

 of the nostrils. This operculum, moreover, may be leathery (coria- 

 ceous), as in the Charadriidae, Trochilidae and so forth, or rolled 

 up, as in Bliinochetus ; it may even result in a short soft tube, 

 as in Caprimulgus, or in the hard double tube which gives the 

 name of TuUnares to the Petrels. "Impervious" nostrils are those 

 with a septum, or division, between the nasal cavities, " pervious " 



